MinuteEarth

Weird Things Animals Do During Eclipses

Feb 8, 2024

This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA. For centuries, humans have reported animals freaking out during solar eclipses, like birds falling from the sky and bees hiding in their hives, but the animals most affected by eclipses might be us. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Behavior: the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer and Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Alvarez-Cárdenas, Sergio, et al. “Observations on Behavior of the Lizard Uta Stansburiana during a Total Solar Eclipse.” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 42, no. 1, 1997, pp. 108–112, www.jstor.org/stable/30054070 Branch, Jane E., and Deborah A. Gust. “Effect of Solar Eclipse on the Behavior of a Captive Group of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes).” American Journal of Primatology, vol. 11, no. 4, 1986, pp. 367–373, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110407 Chan, Melissa. “How Do Animals React to an Eclipse? Depends on How Smart They Are.” Time, 17 Aug. 2017, time.com/4882733/total-solar-eclipse-animals-react/ “Christopher Clavius - Biography.” Maths History, mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Clavius/ Georgia, University of. “How Does a Solar Eclipse Affect Animals?” Treehugger, www.treehugger.com/how-does-solar-eclipse-affect-animals-4868135 Gil-Burmann, Carlos, and Marcial Beltrami. “Effect of Solar Eclipse on the Behavior of a Captive Group of Hamadryas Baboons (Papio Hamadryas).” Zoo Biology, vol. 22, no. 3, 2003, pp. 299–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10077 Hartstone-Rose, Adam, et al. “Total Eclipse of the Zoo: Animal Behavior during a Total Solar Eclipse.” Animals, vol. 10, no. 4, 31 Mar. 2020, p. 587, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040587 Hester, Jessica Leigh. “What We Know about How Animals Reacted to the 2017 Eclipse.” Atlas Obscura, 15 Nov. 2018, www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-animals-react-to-an-eclipse LESCURE, J. “THE EFFECT of a TOTAL SUN ECLIPSE on the VOCAL BEHAVIOR of SOME AMPHIBIANS.” THE EFFECT of a TOTAL SUN ECLIPSE on the VOCAL BEHAVIOR of SOME AMPHIBIANS., 1975, pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=PASCAL7650164283 Murdin, Paul. “Effects of the 2001 Total Solar Eclipse on African Wildlife.” Astronomy & Geophysics, vol. 42, no. 4, 1 Aug. 2001, pp. 4.04–4.08, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2001.0420044.4.x Nilsson, Cecilia, et al. “Aeroecology of a Solar Eclipse.” Biology Letters, vol. 14, no. 11, 28 Nov. 2018, p. 20180485, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0485 Pandey, Kamleshwar, and Jagdamba P. Shukla. “Behavioural Studies of Freshwater Fishes during a Solar Eclipse.” Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 1982, pp. 63–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00011824 Ritson, Robert, et al. “Comparing Social Media Observations of Animals during a Solar Eclipse to Published Research.” Animals, vol. 9, no. 2, 14 Feb. 2019, p. 59, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9020059 Sanborn, Allen F., and Polly K. Phillips. “Observations on the Effect of a Partial Solar Eclipse on Calling in Some Desert Cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae).” The Florida Entomologist, vol. 75, no. 2, June 1992, p. 285, https://doi.org/10.2307/3495634 Uetz, George W., et al. “Behavior of Colonial Orb-Weaving Spiders during a Solar Eclipse.” Ethology, vol. 96, no. 1, 26 Apr. 2010, pp. 24–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x

How Much Gold is in Our Poop?

Feb 2, 2024

Go to our partner https://www.trymintmobile.com/minuteearth to get premium wireless for as low as $15 a month. Special offer through February 29th: new customers can get any plan for $15/month. New activation and upfront payment for 3 mo. service required. Taxes & fees extra. Unlimited plans using +40GB/mo. will experience lower speeds with videostreams at ~480p. Restrictions apply. See trymintmobile.com for more details. Because of the way digestion works, human poop not only contains dangerous microbes, it also contains a wide variety of other things, many of which we could potentially put to use. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Pathogens: Organisms that can cause disease. - Reuse of Human Excreta: The safe and beneficial use of treated human poop. - Biogas: A renewable energy source that’s a combination of methane and carbon dioxide. - Black soldier fly larvae: Among the most efficient animals at converting biomass into feed. - Biosolids: Solid organic matter retrieved from the sewage treatment process that can be used as fertilizer among other uses. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Rose C, Parker A, Jefferson B, Cartmell E. (2015) The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Sep 2;45(17):1827-1879. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500995/ Trimmer, C. (2016). SANITATION, WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY FROM WASTE DISPOSAL TO RESOURCE RECOVERY. UNEP. https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-2636-7-1487004303.pdf Cornwall, W. (2015). Sewage sludge could contain millions of dollars worth of gold. Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/sewage-sludge-could-contain-millions-dollars-worth-gold Paul Westerhoff, Sungyun Lee, Yu Yang, Gwyneth W. Gordon, Kiril Hristovski, Rolf U. Halden, and Pierre Herckes. (2015). Characterization, Recovery Opportunities, and Valuation of Metals in Municipal Sludges from U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plants Nationwide. Environmental Science & Technology 2015 49 (16), 9479-9488. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505329q Debasree Purkayastha, Sudipta Sarkar. (2023) Performance evaluation of black soldier fly larvae fed on human faeces, food waste and their mixture. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 326, Part A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301479722023003

Inside The Sunny Center of a Hurricane

Jan 11, 2024

To learn more about how Florida International University is revolutionizing what we know about hurricanes, visit https://FIU.edu Why is the middle of a hurricane sometimes so clear and calm? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Subsidence: the downward movement of an air parcel as it cools and becomes denser - Vortex: a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Cameron Duke | Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Hurricane Harvey Roaring and Spinning In Gulf of Mexico 2017 Footage by: Film Master | Shutterstock Hurricane eye over sea in satellite photo Photo by: Viacheslav Lopatin | Shutterstock Extreme CAT 5 major hurricane OTIS Footage by: BroadcastNews | Shutterstock OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Houze, RA et al. (2007). Hurricane Intensity and Eyewall Replacement. Science, 315(5816), 1235–1239. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135650 Schubert WH et al. (2007). On the distribution of subsidence in the hurricane eye. , 133(624), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49 Shen, W (2006). Does the size of hurricane eye matter with its intensity?. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027313 Smith, RK (1980) Tropical cyclone eye dynamics. Journal of Atmospheric Science 37: 1227-1232. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037%3C1227:TCED%3E2.0.CO;2 Willoughby HE (1998). Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics. Monthly Weather Review, 126(12), 3053-3067. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/126/12/1520-0493_1998_126_3053_tcet_2.0.co_2.xml

The Crabs Are Coming

Dec 29, 2023

We made this video in partnership with the Bik Lab at University of Georgia and the National Science Foundation. As the waters warm in the deep sea around Antarctica, ecosystem-crushing crabs are able to live closer and closer to the continent. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Continental shelf: the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean. - Invasive species: an organism that causes ecological or economic harm in a new environment where it is not native. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Virginia Schutte | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Script Editor Cameron Duke | Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Aronson, Richard B., et al. “Prospects for the Return of Shell-Crushing Crabs to Antarctica.” Journal of Biogeography, vol. 42, no. 1, 6 Oct. 2014, pp. 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12414 Griffiths, Huw J., et al. “Antarctic Crabs: Invasion or Endurance?” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, 3 July 2013, p. e66981, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066981 Thatje, Sven, et al. “CHALLENGING the COLD: CRABS RECONQUER the ANTARCTIC.” Ecology, vol. 86, no. 3, Mar. 2005, pp. 619–625, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0620 “From Deep to Shallow Seas: Antarctic King Crab on the Move.” Ecology, vol. 101, no. 11, 23 July 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3125 Thatje, Sven, and Wolf E. Arntz. “Antarctic Reptant Decapods: More than a Myth?” Polar Biology, vol. 27, no. 4, 1 Mar. 2004, pp. 195–201, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0583-z

The Never Ending Lightning Storm

Dec 22, 2023

Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo is home to a legendary lightning storm that has been going on for over 500 years. Watch @SeeYouOutsideShow video about Catatumbo Lightning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ABZOUvZ_WY Esther's TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@toseeyououtside LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Lightning hotspot: is a geographic location where there is a higher frequency of lightning activity compared to surrounding areas. - Lightning flash frequency: refers to the average number of lightning strikes occurring in a specific area over a given period of time. It can be measured in flashes per km2 per year. - Convergent windflow: - Coastal breeze: is the movement of air from the ocean to the land (onshore breeze) or from the land to the ocean (offshore breeze). The direction of the breeze is determined by the temperature difference between the land and the water. - Convective instability: is a meteorological term that describes the atmospheric condition favorable for the development of convection, which is the vertical movement of air. This instability is a key factor in the formation of thunderstorms and other convective weather phenomena. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Esther Ikoro | Writer and Narrator (@SeeYouOutsideShow) Ever Salazar | Writer, Illustrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Catatumbo Lightning Footage by Paolo Costa / Shutterstock.com OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Albrecht, R. I., et al (2016). Where Are the Lightning Hotspots on Earth?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97, 2051–2068, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 Albrecht, R. I. (2023). Meteorology Professor at the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Personal Communication. NOAA (2010). Lightning Flash Rate. https://sos.noaa.gov/catalog/datasets/lightning-flash-rate/ Daniel J. Cecil, et al (2014). Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description. Atmospheric Research, Volumes 135–136, 2014, Pages 404-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.028 LIS 0.1 Degree Very High Resolution Gridded Lightning Full Climatology (VHRFC) V1 https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search?q=lisvhrfc TRMM LIS/OTD Gridded Lightning Climatology Data Sets https://lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/data/data_lis-otd-climatology.html

Why Don't Electric Eels Shock Themselves?

Dec 20, 2023

Check out @MinutoDaTerra and join our Patreon community at https://patreon.com/minuteearth. (Links to other language channels down in the description) Electric eels can emit some of the largest shocks in the animal kingdom - but why don't they shock themselves? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Electrocyte: a modified muscle or nerve cell that generates electricity in the electric organ of certain fishes SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Leonardo Souza | Script Writer and Narrator Kate Yoshida | Script Editor David Goldenberg | Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 MinuteEarth (and MinutePhysics) in other Languages: Portuguese https://www.youtube.com/@MinutoDaTerra https://www.youtube.com/@MinutoDaFisica Spanish https://www.youtube.com/@MinutoDeLaTierra https://www.youtube.com/@minutodefisica Catalán https://www.youtube.com/@MinutdelaTerra French https://www.youtube.com/@MinuteDePhysique https://www.youtube.com/@MinutePourLaTerre Chinese https://www.youtube.com/@MinutePhysicsCN https://www.youtube.com/@MinuteEarthCN Russian https://www.youtube.com/@MinutePhysicsRU Georgian https://www.youtube.com/@MinuteGeorgian Polish https://www.youtube.com/@minuta.z.ziemia German https://www.youtube.com/@paarMinutenErde Arabic https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_6luMR5xA4lRBA2mq53JEQ Tamil https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIrFGdwp_FzEkF7uHEjSShw Turkish https://www.youtube.com/@DakikaFizik REFERENCES ************** Raimundo Nonato Gomes Mendes Júnior (2023). Analista Ambiental, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Personal Communication Babineau D, Longtin A, & Lewis JE (2006). Modeling the electric field of weakly electric fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 3636–3651. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02403 Bauer, R (1979). Electric organ discharge (EOD) and prey capture behaviour in the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4: 311–319. Bennett, MVL(1971).Electric organs. In Fish Physiology, W.S. Hoar, and D.J. Randall,eds. (AcademicPress),pp.347–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303239 Catania K (2014). The shocking predatory strike of the electric eel. Science 346, 1231–1234 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260807 Catania, KC (2015). Electric Eels Concentrate Their Electric Field to Induce Involuntary Fatigue in Struggling Prey. Current Biology, 25(22), 2889–2898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.036 Catania, K.C. (2015). An optimized biological TASER: electric eels remotely induce or arrest movement in nearby prey. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 86: 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000435945 de Santana, C et al. (2019). Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4000–. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z Markham MR (2013). Electrocyte physiology: 50 years later. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(13), 2451–2458. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.082628

The time I was a human incubator

Dec 6, 2023

Want to donate to the highest-impact charities AND get your donation matched up to $100? Visit https://Givewell.org/MinuteEarth Premature babies majorly benefit from skin-to-skin contact with a parent –also known as “kangaroo care”– because it reduces infections and hypothermia and increases weight gain and parental involvement. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Preterm birth: Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation. Complications from prematurity kill more than 900,000 children each year. - Incubator: An enclosed apparatus providing a controlled environment for premature babies. - Sepsis: A life-threatening complication from infection. - Hypothermia: A medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Conde‐Agudelo A, Díaz‐Rossello JL. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 8. Art. No.: CD002771. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4 Samra, N. M., Taweel, A. E., & Cadwell, K. (2013). Effect of intermittent kangaroo mother care on weight gain of low birth weight neonates with delayed weight gain. The Journal of perinatal education, 22(4), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.22.4.194 Thidarat Eksirinimit, Busakorn Punthmatharith, Nongyao Bansopit, Kiatkamjorn Kusol. (2023). Effects of Kangaroo Care on body temperature of premature infants and maternal satisfaction at Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat hospital, Thailand. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 302-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2022.07.005 Sugandha Arya, Suhail Chhabra, Richa Singhal, et al. (2023) Effect on neonatal sepsis following immediate kangaroo mother care in a newborn intensive care unit: a post-hoc analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, eClinicalMedicine, Volume 60. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102006 Kangaroo Mother Care. (2023) Givewell. https://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/kangaroo-mother-care#What_is_the_problem

Why Flushing Isn't For Everyone

Nov 30, 2023

This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about how we can help improve the lives and health of people around the world, visit https://gatesnotes.com Sewers are a great way to make pooping safe, but they’re not always the right solution because they require specific resources that many places just don’t have. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Sewage system: A network of pipes that conveys sewage from a point of origin to a treatment plant. - Fecal pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can infect people through feces contamination. - Utility decentralization: The process of bringing the production of utilities like energy closer to the place it is consumed instead of from a central location farther away. - Reuse of human excreta: The safe or beneficial reuse of treated human poop for things like fuel or fertilizer. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Kone, Doulaye (2023). Personal Communication. Deputy Director, Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene. Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/doulaye-kone Obradović, Dino, Marija Šperac, and Saša Marenjak. 2023. "Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance" Encyclopedia 3, no. 1: 122-142. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3010010 Kruzman, D. (2022). “Cities are investing billions in new sewage systems. They’re already obsolete.” Grist. Retrieved from: https://grist.org/cities/cities-are-investing-billions-in-new-sewage-systems-theyre-already-obsolete/ Root, R. (2020). “When are sewers the best option for improved sanitation?” Devex. Retrieved from: https://www.devex.com/news/when-are-sewers-the-best-option-for-improved-sanitation-97983 Kone, D. (2021). “The future of sanitation: 10 years of reinventing the toilet.” Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/sanitation-reinvent-toilet Cisneros B. J. (2011). Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas. Treatise on Water Science, 147–200. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00082-8 Fernholz, T. (2014). More people around the world have cell phones than ever had land-lines. Quartz. Retrieved from: https://qz.com/179897/more-people-around-the-world-have-cell-phones-than-ever-had-land-lines Bovarnick, B. and Dach, E. (2014). Electricity without the Grid. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/electricity-without-the-grid/

Why Hurricane Paths Are WEIRD

Nov 22, 2023

Check out our Black Friday sale at http://dftba.com/minuteearth Hurricane path prediction seems straightforward, until it is not – that’s because hurricanes can encounter atmospheric effects that turn their paths into erratic nonsense. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Fujiwhara effect: a phenomenon that occurs when two nearby cyclonic vortices move around each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas. - Tropical Cyclone: a localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical oceans and with winds of hurricane force. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Ashcroft, John, et al. “The Impact of Weak Environmental Steering Flow on Tropical Cyclone Track Predictability.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 147, no. 741, 1 Oct. 2021, pp. 4122–4142, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4171 “Current Wind Direction and Layer Mean Wind Steering «2023 Hurricane Season - Track the Tropics - Spaghetti Models”, https://www.trackthetropics.com/current-wind-direction-and-layer-mean-wind-steering/ Fujiwhara, S. “The Natural Tendency towards Symmetry of Motion and Its Application as a Principle in Meteorology.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 47, no. 200, Oct. 1921, pp. 287–292, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704720010 “Hurricanes: Science and Society: Hurricane Movement”, https://hurricanescience.org/science/science/hurricanemovement/ Pasch, Richard, et al. “HURRICANE MARIA.” 4 Jan. 2023. Shellito, Lucinda. “Hurricane Chat.” Received by Cameron Duke. Tropical Cyclone Motion.“Tropical Cyclone Steering | METEO 3: Introductory Meteorology.” https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo3/node/2275 “Typhoon Parma.” Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 4 Oct. 2009, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40582/typhoon-parma “Typhoon Parma Trajectory.” Wikipedia, 30 Oct. 2023, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parma_2009_track.png US Department of Commerce, NOAA. “Fujiwhara Effect.” https://www.weather.gov/news/fujiwhara-effect

The Antarctic Ocean is WEIRD

Nov 6, 2023

We made this video in partnership with the Bik Lab at University of Georgia and the National Science Foundation. Life in Antarctica's ocean has followed a completely different evolutionary path from other ocean life because of how cold and isolated the ocean is. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Antarctic Circumpolar Current: an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica. - Polar Gigantism: The phenomenon that animals near the poles are larger than their temperate counterparts. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Virginia Schutte | Script Writer Cameron Duke | Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music Antarctica Footage | Virginia Schutte and Holly Bik, funded by the National Science Foundation MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Gatti, Susanne. “The Role of Sponges in High-Antarctic Carbon and Silicon Cycling -a Modelling Approach” Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch, vol. 434, 2002, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26613/1/BerPolarforsch2002434.pdf “Giant Volcano Sponge Articles - Encyclopedia of Life.” https://eol.org/pages/1162798/articles Hunt, Katie. “An Icefish Colony Discovered in Antarctica Is World’s Largest Fish Breeding Ground.” CNN, 13 Jan. 2022, https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/13/world/icefish-colony-discovery-scn/index.html Moran, Amy L., and H. Arthur Woods. “Why Might They Be Giants? Towards an Understanding of Polar Gigantism” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 215, no. 12, 23 May 2012, pp. 1995–2002. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.067066 Rankin, J. C, and H Tuurala. “Gills of Antarctic Fish.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 119, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1998, pp. 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(97)00396-6 Rennie, John. “Icefish Study Adds Another Color to the Story of Blood.” Quanta Magazine, 22 Apr. 2019, https://www.quantamagazine.org/icefish-study-adds-another-color-to-the-story-of-blood-20190422/ Rosa, Rui, et al. “Biology and Ecology of the World’s Largest Invertebrate, the Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis Hamiltoni): A Short Review.” Polar Biology, vol. 40, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2017, pp. 1871–1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5 Shishido, Caitlin M., et al. “Polar Gigantism and the Oxygen–Temperature Hypothesis: A Test of Upper Thermal Limits to Body Size in Antarctic Pycnogonids.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 286, no. 1900, 10 Apr. 2019, p. 20190124, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0124 Sidell, B. D. “When Bad Things Happen to Good Fish: The Loss of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Expression in Antarctic Icefishes.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 209, no. 10, 15 May 2006, pp. 1791–1802, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02091 Thomisch, K, et al. “Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Acoustic Presence and Distribution of Antarctic Blue Whales Balaenoptera Musculus Intermedia in the Weddell Sea.” Endangered Species Research, vol. 30, 18 July 2016, pp. 239–253, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00739 Zummo, G., et al. “The Heart of the Icefish: Bioconstruction and Adaptation.” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas, vol. 28, no. 11-12, 1995, pp. 1265–1276, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8728857/

Why Did It Take Us So Long?

Oct 30, 2023

Shop our fall merch sale for the best nerdy science stuff: https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth We've long known that animal pollination is an important way plants reproduce on land, but we're only JUST finding out animals also pollinate plants underwater. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Zoophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen is transferred by animals - Hydrophily: a type of pollination in which pollen is dispersed by the flow of water - Seaweed: massive, multicellular algae - Spermatia: a nonmotile male gamete of red alga SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Lavaut, E., Guillemin, M. L., Colin, S., Faure, A., Coudret, J., Destombe, C., & Valero, M. (2022). Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed. Science, 377(6605), 528-530. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6661 Ollerton, J., & Ren, Z. X. (2022). Did pollination exist before plants?. Science, 377(6605), 471-472. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add3198 van Tussenbroek, B. I., Monroy-Velazquez, L. V., & Solis-Weiss, V. (2012). Meso-fauna foraging on seagrass pollen may serve in marine zoophilous pollination. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 469, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10072 Van Tussenbroek, B. I., Villamil, N., Márquez-Guzmán, J., Wong, R., Monroy-Velázquez, L. V., & Solis-Weiss, V. (2016). Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna. Nature communications, 7(1), 12980. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12980

Eclipses Used To Be Terrifying

Oct 13, 2023

This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA. Because eclipses are powerful and frightening events, ancient cultures went to great lengths to understand eclipses, leading to remarkably accurate predictions and helping invent the science of astronomy. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Saros: a period of about 18 years between repetitions of solar and lunar eclipses. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: The Five Millenium Canon of Solar Eclipses - https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/5MCSE.html CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OTHER CREDITS ***************** Stonehenge Midsummer Sunrise 2013 Photo by: Flickr user Stonehenge Stone Circle https://www.flickr.com/photos/stonehenge-stone-circle/8980676956/ Bamboo Annals: double dawn Liu, Liu, and Ma, 2003, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (ISSN 1440-2807), Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 53 - 63, Figure 2. Bamboo Annals: double dawn. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2003JAHH....6...53L/0000060.000.html Cuneiform tablet: ephemeris of eclipses https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321969 Seleucid ca. 4th–2nd century BCE / Met Museum Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC) Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses Saros series (via NASA) Adapted from a Map illustration by Michael Zeiler Paths of totality from eclipse calculator by Xavier Jubier Eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Many Saros Series Adapted from: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2041.GIF Credit: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus. OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Brown, Daniel. “Blood Moon: Lunar Eclipse Myths from around the World.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/blood-moon-lunar-eclipse-myths-from-around-the-world-100548 Carman, Christián C., and James Evans. “On the Epoch of the Antikythera Mechanism and Its Eclipse Predictor.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 68, no. 6, Nov. 2014, pp. 693–774, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5 COLTON, R., and R. L. MARTIN. “Eclipse Cycles and Eclipses at Stonehenge.” Nature, vol. 213, no. 5075, Feb. 1967, pp. 476–478, https://doi.org/10.1038/213476a0 de Jong, T., and W. H. van Soldt. “The Earliest Known Solar Eclipse Record Redated.” Nature, vol. 338, no. 6212, Mar. 1989, pp. 238–240, https://doi.org/10.1038/338238a0 Espenak, Fred. “NASA - Eclipses and the Saros.” Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov, eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html Espenak, Fred, and Jean Meeus. Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses. 7 Aug. 2021. Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses. 30 July 2021. HAWKINS, GERALD S. “Stonehenge: A Neolithic Computer.” Nature, vol. 202, no. 4939, June 1964, pp. 1258–1261, https://doi.org/10.1038/2021258a0 Hermann Hunger, and David Pingree. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden ; Boston, Brill, 1999. HOYLE, FRED. “Stonehenge–an Eclipse Predictor.” Nature, vol. 211, no. 5048, July 1966, pp. 454–456, www.nature.com/articles/211454a0.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1038/211454a0 Liu, C., et al. “Examination of Early Chinese Records of Solar Eclipses.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, vol. 6, no. 1, 2003, pp. 53–63, adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2003JAHH....6...53L “NASA - Sun-Earth Day - Technology through Time - Babylon”. sunearthday.nasa.gov/2006/locations/babylon.php. Rubio, Gonzalo. “How Eclipses Were Regarded as Omens in the Ancient World.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/how-eclipses-were-regarded-as-omens-in-the-ancient-world-81248 Tsu, Wen Shion. “A Statistical Survey of Solar Eclipses in Chinese History.” Popular Astronomy, vol. 42, no. 136, 1934, adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1934PA.....42..136T

Apparently tree FINGERPRINTS are a thing

Oct 5, 2023

Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video! Every species on Earth has a fingerprint - whether or not they have fingers at all. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Spectral fingerprint: the distinctive pattern of radiation reflected by a surface (or a species) as a function of the wavelength - Spectroscopy: the field of study that measures and interprets the electromagnetic spectra that result from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Photo of Forest in False Color from: Sapes, G., C. Lapadat, A. K. Schweiger, J. Juzwik, R. Montgomery, H. Gholizadeh, P. A. Townsend, J. A. Gamon, and J. Cavender-Bares. 2022. Canopy spectral reflectance detects oak wilt at the landscape scale using phylogenetic discrimination. Remote Sensing of Environment 273:112961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112961 Photo of Oak Wilt from: J. Antonio Guzmán Q., Jesús N. Pinto-Ledezma, David Frantz, Philip A. Townsend, Jennifer Juzwik, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Mapping oak wilt disease from space using land surface phenology, Remote Sensing of Environment, 298, 2023, 113794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113794 Satellite Images from Google Earth Antarctica: Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. U.S. Geological Survey. Landsat / Copernicus Amazon Rainforest: Landsat / Copernicus Northeastern cost of Australia: Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. Landsat / Copernicus. TerraMetrics OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Hollings, T., Burgman, M., van Andel, M., Gilbert, M., Robinson, T., & Robinson, A. (2018). How do you find the green sheep? A critical review of the use of remotely sensed imagery to detect and count animals. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(4), 881-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12973 Leblanc, G., Francis, C. M., Soffer, R., Kalacska, M., & De Gea, J. (2016). Spectral reflectance of polar bear and other large arctic mammal pelts; potential applications to remote sensing surveys. Remote Sensing, 8(4), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273 Lubin, D., Li, W., Dustan, P., Mazel, C. H., & Stamnes, K. (2001). Spectral signatures of coral reefs: features from space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 75(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00161-9 Pinto-Ledezma, J. N., Frantz, D., Townsend, P. A., Juzwik, J., & Cavender-Bares, J. (2023). Mapping oak wilt disease from space using land surface phenology. Remote Sensing of Environment, 298, 113794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113794 Richardson, A. D., Aubrecht, D. M., Basler, D., Hufkens, K., Muir, C. D., & Hanssen, L. (2021). Developmental changes in the reflectance spectra of temperate deciduous tree leaves and implications for thermal emissivity and leaf temperature. New Phytologist, 229(2), 791-804. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16909 Sapes, G., Lapadat, C., Schweiger, A. K., Juzwik, J., Montgomery, R., Gholizadeh, H., ... & Cavender-Bares, J. (2022). Canopy spectral reflectance detects oak wilt at the landscape scale using phylogenetic discrimination. Remote Sensing of Environment, 273, 112961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112961 Terletzky, P., Ramsey, R. D., & Neale, C. M. (2012). Spectral characteristics of domestic and wild mammals. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 49(4), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.49.4.597

How eclipses proved that the Earth is slowing down

Sep 22, 2023

This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA. Without eclipses, our world would be a lot different because eclipses give us the ability to do science we otherwise wouldn’t be able to. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Corona: the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere. - General Relativity: a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein that says that the observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime. - Lunar Eclipse: an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's shadow. - Solar Eclipse : an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon. - Tidal Friction: strain produced in a celestial body (such as the Earth or Moon) that undergoes cyclic variations in gravitational attraction as it orbits, or is orbited by, a second body. CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OTHER CREDITS ***************** Photo of 1919 Total Solar Eclipse Credit: ESO/Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl/F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, & C. Davidson https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1926a/ OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Espenak, Fred. “NASA - Eclipses and the Saros.” eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html Guglielmi, Giorgia. “Three Times Scientists Learned Something from Solar Eclipses—and Three Times They Were Tricked.” www.science.org/content/article/three-times-scientists-learned-something-solar-eclipses-and-three-times-they-were Interrante, Abbey. “NASA Selects 5 Experiments to Study 2024 Total Solar Eclipse.” NASA, 20 June 2023, www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/sun/science-in-the-shadows-nasa-selects-5-experiments-for-2024-total-solar-eclipse Littmann, Mark, and Fred Espenak. Totality : The Great American Eclipses of 2017 and 2024. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2017 Perkins, Sid. “Ancient Eclipses Show Earth’s Rotation Is Slowing.” www.science.org/content/article/ancient-eclipses-show-earth-s-rotation-slowing Redd, Nola Taylor. “Here’s What Scientists Have Learned from Total Solar Eclipses.” www.space.com/36785-solar-eclipse-science-throughout-history.html Steel, Duncan. Eclipse : The Celestial Phenomenon That Changed the Course of History. London, Headline Book Pub, 1999. Stephenson, F. R., et al. “Measurement of the Earth’s Rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 472, no. 2196, Dec. 2016, p. 20160404, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0404

Why Do Weeping Willows Weep?

Sep 15, 2023

Most trees reach for the sun – but not the weeping willow. Why? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Hormones: chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Hollender C, Dardick C (2015). Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture. New Phytol. 206(2):541-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13204. Li L, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Zhuo X, Li P, Qiu L, Liu W, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q (2021). Comparative gene expression analysis reveals that multiple mechanisms regulate the weeping trait in Prunus mume. Sci Rep 29;11(1):2675. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81892-3. Liu J, Zeng Y, Yan P, He C, and Zhang J (2017). Transcriptional and Hormonal Regulation of Weeping Trait in Salix matsudana. Genes 8(12): 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes8120359 Remphrey, William R.; Pearn, Linda P. (2006). Crown architecture development in Salix ‘Prairie Cascade’, a pendulous willow. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84(10): 1531–1541. https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-115 Santamour F & McArdle A (1988). Cultivars of Salix babylonica and other Weeping Willows. Journal of Arboriculture 14: 180-184. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.044 Sugano M, Nakagawa Y, Nyunoya H, Nakamura T (2004). Expression of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase gene in a gravi-response mutant, weeping Japanese flowering cherry. Biological Sciences in Space 18 (4): 261-266. https://doi.org/10.2187/bss.18.261 Zhang, Y., T. Zheng, X. Zhuo and Q. Zhang, 2019. Morphological and genetic studies on weeping tree architecture in ornamental plants. Intl. J. Agric. Biol., 22: 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1166

This Chemical Does Nothing, But It's Still Bad For You

Sep 1, 2023

Check out the MinuteFood video on Teflon here: https://youtu.be/R1hbV3EzOD4 PFAS - also known as the “forever chemicals” we use in all sorts of household products - are able to cause all sorts of health problems without ever really reacting with anything LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - PFAS: A class of man-made molecules consisting of a fully (per) or partly (poly) fluorinated carbon chain connected to different functional groups. - Teflon: A type of PFAS - PTFE - used in making nonstick coating for cookware. - Fatty Acid: A hydrocarbon chain terminating with a carboxylic acid group. - Albumin: The main protein of human blood plasma. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* John Kinney | Script Writer David Goldenberg | Script editor, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Bothun, Geoffrey D. (2023). Personal Communication. Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, URI. https://web.uri.edu/engineering/meet/gbothun/ Belcher, Scott. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University. https://bio.sciences.ncsu.edu/people/smbelch2/ Dombrowski, Paul M. et al. (2018). Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS. Remediation. 28:2 (135-150). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rem.21555 Fedorenko, Michael et al. (2021). Dominant Entropic Binding of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) to Albumin Protein Revealed by 19F NMR. Chemosphere. 263. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8479757/ Fenton, Suzanne E. et al. (2020). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 40:3 (606-630). https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/etc.4890 Goodrich, Jackie. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan. https://sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/goodrich-jaclyn.html Jackson, Thomas W. et al. (2021). Rapid Characterization of Human Serum Albumin Binding for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. Environ Sci Technol. 55:18 (12291-13001). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8651256/ O’Hagan, David. (2008). Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond. Chemical Society Reviews. 37, 308-319. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/CS/B711844A United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas Wani, Ab Latif, Anjum Ara, and Jawed Ahmad Usmani. (2015). Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 8:2 (55-64). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961898/ Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2023). Chemicals: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Substances. Retrieved from: https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/pfas.htm

Is Bigger Better?

Aug 22, 2023

This video was made in partnership with Popsci! They recently published their "Muscles" issue, and wrote an article to go along with this video that you can read here: https://popsci.com/environment/strongest-animal-by-weight Elephants might be strong, but they are weak compared to ants because ants have certain advantages that allow them to outlift their larger competitors. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Exoskeleton: a rigid external covering for the body in some invertebrate animals, especially arthropods, providing both support and protection. - Endoskeleton: an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates. - Leverage: the exertion of force by means of a lever or an object used in the manner of a lever. - Square-cube law: a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman & Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Aaron, S. F. “The Muscular Power of Insects.” Scientific American, vol. 147, no. 3, 1932, pp. 148–150, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966025 Bretscher, Heidi, and Michael B. O’Connor. “The Role of Muscle in Insect Energy Homeostasis.” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 11, 22 Oct. 2020, p. 580687, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649811/, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.580687 Burd, M. “Body Size Effects on Locomotion and Load Carriage in the Highly Polymorphic Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta Colombica and Atta Cephalotes.” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 11, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2000, pp. 125–131, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/11.2.125. Harrison, Jon F., et al. “How Locusts Breathe.” Physiology, vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 18–27, https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2012 “Insect Respiration - Amateur Entomologists’ Society (AES).” Amentsoc.org, 2019, http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/respiration.html Molting and the Exoskeleton: A Double-Edged Sword - Understanding Evolution. 10 May 2021, http://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-arthropod-story/an-evolutionary-constraint-small-size/molting-and-the-exoskeleton-a-double-edged-sword/ Nguyen, Vienny, et al. “The Exoskeletal Structure and Tensile Loading Behavior of an Ant Neck Joint.” Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 47, no. 2, Jan. 2014, pp. 497–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.053. Reinhold Hustert, and M Baldus. “Ballistic Movements of Jumping Legs Implemented as Variable Components of Cricket Behaviour.” The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 Dec. 2010, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.043943 Rospars, Jean-Pierre, and Nicole Meyer-Vernet. “Force per Cross-Sectional Area from Molecules to Muscles: A General Property of Biological Motors.” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 3, no. 7, 20 July 2016, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160313 Segre, Paolo S., and Ebony D. Taylor. “Large Ants Do Not Carry Their Fair Share: Maximal Load-Carrying Performance of Leaf-Cutter Ants (Atta Cephalotes).” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 222, no. 12, 28 May 2019, p. jeb199240, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199240 staff, Science X. “Breathing Easy: When It Comes to Oxygen, a Bug’s Life Is Full of It.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 29 Apr. 2007, https://phys.org/news/2007-04-easy-oxygen-bug-life-full.html Sutton, Gregory P. “Animal Biomechanics: A New Silent Partner in the Control of Motion.” Current Biology, vol. 23, no. 15, Aug. 2013, pp. R651–R652, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.052 Tajiri, Reiko, et al. “Joint Morphology in the Insect Leg: Evolutionary History Inferred from Notch Loss-of-Function Phenotypes in Drosophila.” Development, vol. 138, no. 21, 1 Nov. 2011, pp. 4621–4626, https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.067330

The WEIRD Way Monkeys Got to America

Aug 10, 2023

Many of the greatest biological dispersal events in history likely happened because animals inadvertently traveled across the oceans on floating debris. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Oceanic dispersal: A type of biological dispersal where terrestrial animals transfer from one land mass to another via a sea crossing. - Rafting event: Oceanic dispersal that happens via floating vegetation. - Platyrrhini: The so-called “New World Monkeys” that descended from African simians that arrived in South America roughly 30-40 million years ago. - South Equatorial Current: A current maintained by the trade winds that flows westward along the equator. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Carlos G. Schrago , Claudia A. M. Russo, Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2003, Pages 1620–1625. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg172 Defler, T.R. (2018). Platyrrhine Monkeys: The Fossil Evidence. Topics in Geobiology. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_8 Drury, S. (2020). How did monkeys get to South America? Earth Logs. Retrieved from: https://earthlogs.org/2020/04/14/how-did-monkeys-get-to-south-america/ Queiroz, A. (2004). The REsurrection of Oceanic Dispersal in Historical Biogeography. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20:2 (68-73). Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534704003362 Ali, J., Huber, M. Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature 463, 653–656 (2010). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08706 Black, R. (2020). More Than 30 Million Years Ago, Monkeys Rafted Across the Atlantic to South America. Smithsonian. Retrieved from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/monkeys-raft-across-atlantic-twice-180974637/ Lawton, G. (2021). On a Raft and a Prayer. NewScientist. 252:3365-3366 (50-52). Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0262407921022727 Ali, Jason. (2023). Direct Communication. DEpartment of Earth Science, University of Hong Kong. https://www.earthsciences.hku.hk/people/academic-staff/dr-ali-jason

In The Future, Death Will Be Different

Jul 27, 2023

This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about how we can help improve the lives and health of people around the world, visit https://gatesnotes.com In the future, humans will likely die of a very different suite of causes than we do now, thanks to advances in healthcare, an aging population, and changes in the environment. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Global Burden of Disease Study: A comprehensive look at morbidity and mortality that measures lost human potential due to ill health caused by disease. - Aging-associated Diseases: Diseases that increase in frequency with senescence, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. - Global Catastrophic Risk: A risk that could inflict serious damage to human well-being on a global scale. - Doomsday Clock: A metaphor that represents how close humanity is to self-destruction. - Antiretroviral Therapy: A combination of drugs that suppresses HIV replication in infected individuals. - PrEP: Pre-exposure prophylactic medications that work to prevent at-risk individuals from contracting HIV. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Ritchie, H., Spooner, F., and Roser, M. (2019). “Causes of Death.” Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death Mecklin, J. (2023). “A time of unprecedented danger: It is 90 seconds to midnight.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://storage.pardot.com/878782/1674512728rAkm0Vt3/2023_doomsday_clock_statement.pdf Fuller, R. et al. (2022). “Pollution and Health: A Progress Update.” The Lancet. 6:6 (535-537). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(22)00090-0/fulltext Atella V, Piano Mortari A, Kopinska J, Belotti F, Lapi F, Cricelli C, Fontana L. “Trends in age-related disease burden and healthcare utilization.” Aging Cell. 2019 Feb;18(1):e12861. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30488641/ Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664601/

Why Do People Hate Koalas? (ft. @tibees )

Jul 21, 2023

On the Internet, koalas get an unnecessary amount of hate, so let's debunk some of the most pervasive koala myths! Featuring @tibees LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Fecal pap: a mixture of contents from an herbivore mother's caecum that colonizes the joey's gut with bacteria. - Marsupial: a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Toby Hendy @tibees | Koala voice Lizah Van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Blyton, M. D. J., et al. (2019). Faecal inoculations alter the gastrointestinal microbiome and allow dietary expansion in a wild specialist herbivore, the koala. Animal Microbiome, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-019-0008-0 Can you teach koalas new tricks? (n.d.). ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160804101628.htm Clode, D. (2022, September 15). Friday essay: the koala – when it’s smart to be slow. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/friday-essay-the-koala-when-its-smart-to-be-slow-187003 Crowther, M. (n.d.). [Letter to Cameron Duke]. Gaillard, J.-M., et al. (2015). Does tooth wear influence ageing? A comparative study across large herbivores. Experimental Gerontology, 71, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.008 Logan, M. (2003). EFFECT OF TOOTH WEAR ON THE RUMINATION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, OR MERYCISM, OF FREE-RANGING KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS). Journal of Mammalogy, 84(3), 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1644/bba-002 Logan, M., & Sanson, G. D. (2006). The effect of tooth wear on the feeding behaviour of free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus, Goldfuss). Journal of Zoology, 256(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902000080 Mella, V. S. A., et al. (2019). Needing a drink: Rainfall and temperature drive the use of free water by a threatened arboreal folivore. PLOS ONE, 14(5), e0216964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216964 Ogura, T., et al. (2019). Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) utilise volatile compounds to choose preferred Eucalyptus leaves. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 7(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v7i2.360 Smaers, J., et al. (2021). The evolution of mammalian brain size. Science Advances, 7(18), eabe2101. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2101 Taylor, J., et al. (2006). MR imaging of brain morphology, vascularisation and encephalization in the koala. Australian Mammalogy, 28(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.1071/am06034 Weisbecker, V., et al. (2015). The evolution of relative brain size in marsupials is energetically constrained but not driven by behavioral complexity. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 85(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1159/000377666

Why Are They All In Antarctica?

Jul 13, 2023

Download the Tab For A Cause browser extension at https://tab.gladly.io/trees/minuteearth2/ Meteorite hunters don’t search for meteorites in the places most frequently peppered by them – they go to Antarctica instead, because that’s where they are easiest to find. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - ANSMET: a program funded by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation that looks for meteorites in the Transantarctic Mountains. - Glacier: a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles. - Meteorite: a meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Co-Director Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation, and Co-Director Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Mazapil Meteorite - James St. John https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/51759724914/ "Antarctica Satellite Map of Blue Ice" and "Probability of Finding Meteorites" NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey, MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview, and data courtesy of Tollenaar, V., et al. (2022). https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149554/finding-meteorite-hotspots-in-antarctica Antarctic Meteorite - NASA/JSC/ANSMET https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/2255/antarctic-meteorite/ OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Antarctica’s Blue Ice | EROS. (n.d.). https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/image-of-the-week/antarcticas-blue-ice Brennecka, G. (2022). Impact. HarperCollins. I think I found a meteorite. How can I tell for sure? | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.) https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/i-think-i-found-meteorite-how-can-i-tell-sure Korotev, R. (n.d.). Some Meteorite Statistics | Some Meteorite Information | Washington University in St. Louis. https://sites.wustl.edu/meteoritesite/items/some-meteorite-statistics/ Korotev, R. (n.d.). [Letter to Cameron Duke]. Nabiei, F., Badro, J., Dennenwaldt, T., Oveisi, E., Cantoni, M., Hébert, C., El Goresy, A., Barrat, J.-A., & Gillet, P. (2018). A large planetary body inferred from diamond inclusions in a ureilite meteorite. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03808-6 Steigerwald, B. (2020, December 10). Key Building Block for Organic Molecules Discovered in Meteorites. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/key-organic-molecule Tollenaar, V., Zekollari, H., Tax, D., Goderis, S., Claeys, P., Pattyn, F., & Lerhmitte, S. (2022). Unexplored Antarctic meteorite collection sites revealed through machine learning. Science Advances, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj8138 Treiman, A. H., LaManna, J. M., Hussey, D. S., deClue, I., & Anovitz, L. M. (2022). Coordinated neutron and X‐ray computed tomography of meteorites: Detection and distribution of hydrogen‐bearing materials. Meteoritics and Planetary Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13904 Where to catch a falling star. (n.d.). Where to Catch a Falling Star. https://wheretocatchafallingstar.science/

Should More Species Be Extinct?

Jun 22, 2023

Watch these amazing rewilding videos from our friends at Planet Wild, in which they’re saving Europe’s cutest bird from extinction or resurrecting a dying forest. Saving Europe’s cutest bird: https://www.planetwild.com/minuteearth/4 Forest resurrection: https://www.planetwild.com/minuteearth/3 The official number of extinct species is wrong… why? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - IUCN: The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education. Species featured in this video: - Ivory-billed Woodpecker - Fat Catfish - Blanco Blind Salamander - Seychelles Giant Tortoise - Black-browed Babbler - Coelacanth SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer and Director Kate Yoshida | Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Greenwald, Noah, et al, (2019). Extinction and the U.S. Endangered Species Act. PeerJ 7:e6803 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6803 Re:wild - Lost Species. https://www.rewild.org/lost-species Re:wild - Lost Species: By the Numbers. https://www.rewild.org/lost-species-by-the-numbers Martin, T. E., et al, (2022). Lost Taxa and Their Conservation Implications. Animal Conservation, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12788 Mooers, Arne, (2022). When Is a Species Really Extinct?. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/when-is-a-species-really-extinct-182555 Smithsonian, (2019). Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals). https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/bugnos Tangley, Laura, (1998). How Many Species Exist?. The National Wildlife Federation. https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/1999/How-Many-Species-Exist The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/search National Ocean Service | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). How Many Species Live in the Ocean? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ocean-species.html

These Countries Are Cheating

Jun 14, 2023

Learn more at https://www.naturecanada.ca/lostinthewoods By overcounting how much carbon their forests suck up, and undercounting how much carbon their industries release, countries undercount their total carbon emissions. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Paris Agreement: a 2015 treaty negotiated by 196 parties that aims to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. - Carbon emissions: the release of carbon compounds into the atmosphere, mostly in the form of CO2. - Carbon sink: anything - like a forest - that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases. - Flaring: the process of burning off excess gas from an oil or gas well or refinery. - Climate TRACE: a nonprofit that uses satellite data to project emissions. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Mooney, C., Eilperin, J., Butler, D., Muyskens, J., Narayanswamy, A., and Ahmed, N. (2021). Countries’ climate pledges built on flawed data, Post investigation finds. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2021/greenhouse-gas-emissions-pledges-data/ Grassi, G., Stehfest, E., Rogelj, J. et al. Critical adjustment of land mitigation pathways for assessing countries’ climate progress. Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 425–434 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01033-6 Zhong, R. (2022). Who’s Driving Climate Change? New Data Catalogs 72,000 Polluters and Counting. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/climate/climate-change-emissions-satellites.html Bramley, M. and Saul, G. (2022). What Are The Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Logging In Canada? Nature Canada. https://naturecanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Report-What-Are-Net-GHG-Emissions-From-Logging-in-Canada.pdf Skene, J. and Polanyi, M. (2022). Lost in the Woods: Canada’s Hidden Logging Emissions Are Equivalent to Those from Oil Sands Operations. Nature Canada. https://naturecanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lost-in-the-Woods-Report.pdf Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Banja, M., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Pagani, F., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J., Quadrelli, R., Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Jacome Felix Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. and Vignati, E., CO2 emissions of all world countries - 2022 Report, EUR 31182 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2022, https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2022

How Fish Get Away With Being Colorful

Jun 8, 2023

Coral reef fish get away with being colorful thanks to a weird quirk of underwater optics. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Visual resolution: the ability to see fine spatial detail SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Caves, E. M., & Johnsen, S. (2021). The sensory impacts of climate change: bathymetric shifts and visually mediated interactions in aquatic species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288(1949), 20210396. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0396 Hodge, J. R., Santini, F., & Wainwright, P. C. (2020). Colour dimorphism in labrid fishes as an adaptation to life on coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1923), 20200167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0167 Marshall, J.N. (2000). Communication and camouflage with the same ‘bright’ colours in reef fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 355(1401), 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0676 Marshall, J. (2017). Vision and lack of vision in the ocean. Current Biology, 27(11), R494-R502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.012 Marshall, N. J., Cortesi, F., de Busserolles, F., Siebeck, U. E., & Cheney, K. L. (2019). Colours and colour vision in reef fishes: Past, present and future research directions. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 5-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13849 Wilkins, L., Marshall, N. J., Johnsen, S., & Osorio, D. (2016). Modelling colour constancy in fish: implications for vision and signalling in water. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219(12), 1884-1892. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.139147

Why Most Fossils Are Incomplete

Jun 1, 2023

In 1990, fossil collectors in South Dakota stumbled across a dinosaur that turned out to be a really big deal. Not just because it was a T. rex – basically the most popular dino out there – or because it ended up in Chicago’s famous Field Museum… but because of the number of bones it had. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Taphonomy: the branch of paleontology that deals with the processes of fossilization - Debris flow: a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** David A. (2013). Evidence for taphonomic size bias in the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Alberta), a model Mesozoic terrestrial alluvial‐paralic system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 372(), 108–122. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.027 Cashmore, D. D., & Butler, R. J. (2019). Skeletal completeness of the non‐avian theropod dinosaur fossil record. Palaeontology, 62(6), 951-981. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12436 Cashmore, D. D., Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., & Butler, R. J. (2020). Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record. Palaeontology, 63(6), 951-978. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6hdr7sqxb Dean, C. D., Mannion, P. D., & Butler, R. J. (2016). Preservational bias controls the fossil record of pterosaurs. Palaeontology, 59(2), 225-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12225 Mannion, P. D., & Upchurch, P. (2010). Completeness metrics and the quality of the sauropodomorph fossil record through geological and historical time. Paleobiology, 36(2), 283-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40792289

Ancient Humans Made Millions Of These - We Don’t Know Why

May 12, 2023

The Acheulean handaxe was the most common tool of early humans, but we still don’t know what the heck they used it for. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Acheulean handaxe: large, chipped stone objects which represent the oldest, most common, and longest-used formally-shaped working tool in human history. - Microscopy: the technical field of using microscopes to view samples & objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye. - Microlith: small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimeter or so in length and half a centimeter wide. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** "Acheulean handaxe" photo by Mary Harrsch https://www.flickr.com/photos/mharrsch/2501309147/ "Obsidian Microlith" photo by the Smithsonian https://www.si.edu/object/obsidian-microlith:nmnhanthropology_8132133 OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Rodriguez, Alice. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Anthropology, NYU. https://as.nyu.edu/departments/anthropology/people/graduate-students/doctoral-students/alice-rodriguez.html Iovita, Radu. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Anthropology, NYU. https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/radu-iovita.html Chang, M. (2009). The Case Against Sexual Selection as an Explanation of Handaxe Morphology. Paleoanthropology. https://paleoanthro.org/static/journal/content/PA20090077.pdf Welsh, J. (2022). Tools May Have Been First Money. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/18751-hand-axe-tools-money.html Key, A J. M., Proffitt, T, Stefani, Elena and Lycett, Stephen J. (2016) Looking at handaxes from another angle: Assessing the ergonomic and functional importance of edge form in Acheulean bifaces. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 44 (Part A). pp. 43-55. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/57215/3/Key%20et%20al.%20Jul_30_2016_Handaxe%20edge%20angles.pdf Iovita, R., McPherron, S.P., 2011. The handaxe reloaded: A morphometric reassessment of Acheulian and Middle Paleolithic handaxes. Journal of Human Evolution 61, 61–74. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.007 Iovita, R., Tuvi-Arad, I., Moncel, M.-H., Despriée, J., Voinchet, P., Bahain, J.-J., 2017. High handaxe symmetry at the beginning of the European Acheulian: The data from la Noira (France) in context. PLOS ONE 12, e0177063. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177063 Wayman. J.L. (2010) Foot Cutters: A New Hypothesis for the Function of Acheulian Bifaces and Related Lithics, Lithic Technology, 35:2, 171-194, Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01977261.2010.11721089 Sorensen, A.C., Claud, E. & Soressi, M. Neandertal fire-making technology inferred from microwear analysis. Sci Rep 8, 10065 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28342-9 Aranda, V. et al. (2012) Experimental Program for the Detection of Use Wear in Quartzite. International Conference on Use-Wear Analysis: Use-Wear 2012. Iovita, R., Sano, K. (Eds.), 2016. Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. M. Dominguez- Rodrigo, J. Serrallonga, J. Juan-Tresserras, L. Alcala, L. Luque. (2001). Woodworking activities by early humans: a plant residue analysis on Acheulian stone tools from Peninj (Tanzania), Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 40, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2000.0466

Why We Haven’t Learned More In 101 Years Of Trying

Apr 27, 2023

Almost everything we know about the reproductive practices of European eels comes from a genius study conducted more than 100 years ago. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - European Eel: A long-lived, snakelike fish native to the rivers of Europe. - Eel, Pie, and Mash: A common meal of poorer Englishmen for the last several centuries. - Spontaneous Generation: The hypothetical process by which organisms would generate from non-living matter. - The Eel Question: A matter of great debate for millenia - specifically: how do eels reproduce and where do they come from? - Sargasso Sea: A region of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Bermuda bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre that is recognizable by the large presence of Sargassum seaweed. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Schmidt, J. (1923). The Breeding Places of the Eel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character, 211, 179–208. https://www.jstor.org/stable/92087 Jarvis, Brooke (2020). Where Do Eels Come From? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/where-do-eels-come-from Wright, R.M., Piper, A.T., Aarestrup, K. et al. (2022) First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea. Sci Rep 12, 15362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8 Couch, C. (2022) The Utterly Engrossing Search for the Origin of Eels. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-utterly-engrossing-search-for-the-origin-of-eels-180980777/ Paulson, S. (2020). Eels Don’t Have Sex Until the Last Year of Their Life. Nautilus Magazine. https://nautil.us/eels-dont-have-sex-until-the-last-year-of-their-life-237906/

This Is Not A Bug

Apr 13, 2023

It’s common to call creepy crawlies bugs, but because entomologists refer to a specific class of insects as bugs, it’s wrong to call other things bugs - right? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bug: a small insect, or an insect of a large order distinguished by having mouthparts that are modified for piercing and sucking. - Entomology: the branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects. - Etymology: the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history. - Insect: a small arthropod animal that has six legs and generally one or two pairs of wings. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke| Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration & Video Editing Ever Salazar | Illustration & Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** “Bug” Oxford English Dictionary. Wilton, D. (2020). “Bug (computer)”, https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/bug CSIRO Entomology, “Hemiptera - Bugs, Aphids, Cicadas.” https://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html Hester, J. (1594). “The pearle of Practice, or Practisers pearle, for phisicke and chirurgie…”. Gibb, T. & Oseto, C. “How to Make an Awesome Insect Collection”, https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/401Book/default.php?page=insect_anatomy MacNeal, D. (2017). “Bugged: The Insects Who Rule the World and the People Obsessed with Them”. Shakespeare, W. (1603). “Hamlet”. Winsor, M. (1976). “THE DEVELOPMENT of LINNAEAN INSECT CLASSIFICATION”. TAXON, vol. 25, no. 1, Feb. 1976, pp. 57–67, https://doi.org/10.2307/1220406 Zinna, Robert, Assistant Professor of Biology at Mars Hill University. Personal Communication.

How Caffeine Accidentally Took Over The World

Apr 6, 2023

Hey MinuteEarthlings! If you join us on Patreon this month (April 2023) at https://patreon.com/minuteearth, we will draw you a custom MinuteEarth stick figure (that we could feature in an upcoming video) AND send you a custom coffee mug with your beautiful stick figure on it! Plants don't make caffeine just for us, so what DO they make it for? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Alkaloid: any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin which have pronounced physiological actions on humans. - Allelopathy: the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors. - Caffeine: a crystalline compound that is found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. - Pesticide: a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to plants or to animals. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Kate Yoshida | Narrator David Goldenberg | Narrator Henry Reich | Narrator Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Tanti, A., et al. (2016). Allelopathic potential of caffeine as growth and germination inhibitor to popular tea weed, Borreria hispida L.. Current Life Sciences. 2. 114-117. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.163671 Brazier, Yvette (2016). “Adolescents drink too much caffeine”, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307526 Brychkova, G., et al. (2018). “Formation of xanthine and the use of purine metabolites as a nitrogen source in Arabidopsis plants”, https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6304 Ceja-Navarro, J., et al. (2015). “Gut microbiota mediate caffeine detoxification in the primary insect pest of coffee”, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8618 Earth and Environmental Sciences (2015). “Coffee berry borer’s gut microbes detoxify caffeine”, https://eesa.lbl.gov/coffee-berry-borers-gut-microbes-detoxify-caffeine/ Diel, P. (2020). “Caffeine and Doping—What Have We Learned since 2004”, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082167 Jayson, C. (2015). “Caffeine vs. Chocolate: A Mighty Methyl Group”, www.discovermagazine.com/health/caffeine-vs-chocolate-a-mighty-methyl-group Lee, Y., et al. (2009) “Multiple gustatory receptors required for the caffeine response in Drosophila”, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811744106 Lu, H., et al. (2016). “Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau”, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18955 Mustard, J. (2013). “The buzz on caffeine in invertebrates: effects on behavior and molecular mechanisms”, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1497-8 Nall, A., et al. (2016).“Caffeine promotes wakefulness via dopamine signaling in Drosophila”, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20938 Nathanson, J. (1984). “Caffeine and Related Methylxanthines: Possible Naturally Occurring Pesticides.”, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6207592 Poole, R., & Tordoff, M. (2017). “The Taste of Caffeine”, https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2016.0030 National Center for Biotechnology Information (2023). “Caffeine”, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Caffeine Sledz, W., et al. (2017). Influence of Exogenously Supplemented Caffeine on Cell Division, Germination, and Growth of Economically Important Plants. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54463 Smyth, D. (1992). “Effect of Methylxanthine Treatment on Rice Seedling Growth”, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00198025 Sugiyama, A., et al. (2015). “Caffeine Fostering of Mycoparasitic Fungi against Phytopathogens”, https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1113362 Wright, G. A., et al. (2013). “Caffeine in Floral Nectar Enhances a Pollinator’s Memory of Reward”, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228806

Is Pregnancy A Disease?

Mar 23, 2023

If you like this video, you'll love what we're cooking up over at MinuteFood! Check it out at youtube.com/minutefood We actually have no idea what a “disease” is. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Aronowitz RA. When do symptoms become a disease? Ann Intern Med. 2001 May 1;134(9 Pt 2):803-8. https://www.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_part_2-200105011-00002 Bulterijs S, Hull RS, Björk VC, Roy AG. It is time to classify biological aging as a disease. Front Genet. 2015 Jun 18;6:205. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00205 Drescher J. Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality. Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Dec 4;5(4):565-75. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/bs5040565 Rattan SI. Aging is not a disease: implications for intervention. Aging Dis. 2014 Jun 1;5(3):196-202. https://www.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500196 Scully JL. What is a disease? EMBO Rep. 2004 Jul;5(7):650-3. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400195 Smith R. In search of ""non-disease"". BMJ. 2002 Apr 13;324(7342):883-5. https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7342.883 Tikkinen KA, Leinonen JS, Guyatt GH, Ebrahim S, Järvinen TL. What is a disease? Perspectives of the public, health professionals and legislators. BMJ Open. 2012 Dec 2;2(6):e001632. https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001632 Ventriglio A, Torales J, Bhugra D. Disease versus illness: What do clinicians need to know? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2017 Feb;63(1):3-4. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0020764016658677 Wilding JPH, Mooney V, Pile R. Should obesity be recognised as a disease? BMJ. 2019 Jul 17;366:l4258. https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4258