Lex Fridman Podcast

Bjarne Stroustrup: C++

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bjarne Stroustrup is the creator of C++, a programming language that after 40 years is still one of the most popular and powerful languages in the world. Its focus on fast, stable, robust code underlies many of the biggest systems in the world that we have come to rely on as a society. If you&#8217;re watching this on YouTube, many of the critical back-end component of YouTube are written in C++. Same goes for Google, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, most Microsoft applications, Adobe applications, most database systems, and most physical systems that operate in the real-world like cars, robots, rockets that launch us into space and one day will land us on Mars.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:40 &#8211; First program<br /> 02:18 &#8211; Journey to C++<br /> 16:45 &#8211; Learning multiple languages<br /> 23:20 &#8211; Javascript<br /> 25:08 &#8211; Efficiency and reliability in C++<br /> 31:53 &#8211; What does good code look like?<br /> 36:45 &#8211; Static checkers<br /> 41:16 &#8211; Zero-overhead principle in C++<br /> 50:00 &#8211; Different implementation of C++<br /> 54:46 &#8211; Key features of C++<br /> 1:08:02 &#8211; C++ Concepts<br /> 1:18:06 &#8211; C++ Standards Process<br /> 1:28:05 &#8211; Constructors and destructors<br /> 1:31:52 &#8211; Unified theory of programming<br /> 1:44:20 &#8211; Proudest moment</p>

Sean Carroll: Quantum Mechanics and the Many-Worlds Interpretation

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at Caltech and Santa Fe Institute specializing in quantum mechanics, arrow of time, cosmology, and gravitation. He is the author of Something Deeply Hidden and several popular books and he is the host of a great podcast called Mindscape. </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">This is the second time Sean has been on the podcast. You can watch the </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-NJrvyRo0c">first time on YouTube</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://lexfridman.com/sean-carroll/">listen to the first time on its episode page</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or connect with @lexfridman on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, or </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or support it on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</span></p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:23 &#8211; Capacity of human mind to understand physics<br /> 10:49 &#8211; Perception vs reality<br /> 12:29 &#8211; Conservation of momentum<br /> 17:20 &#8211; Difference between math and physics<br /> 20:10 &#8211; Why is our world so compressable<br /> 22:53 &#8211; What would Newton think of quantum mechanics<br /> 25:44 &#8211; What is quantum mechanics?<br /> 27:54 &#8211; What is an atom?<br /> 30:34 &#8211; What is the wave function?<br /> 32:30 &#8211; What is quantum entanglement?<br /> 35:19 &#8211; What is Hilbert space?<br /> 37:32 &#8211; What is entropy?<br /> 39:31 &#8211; Infinity<br /> 42:43 &#8211; Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics<br /> 1:01:13 &#8211; Quantum gravity and the emergence of spacetime<br /> 1:08:34 &#8211; Our branch of reality in many-worlds interpretation<br /> 1:10:40 &#8211; Time travel<br /> 1:12:54 &#8211; Arrow of time<br /> 1:16:18 &#8211; What is fundamental in physics<br /> 1:16:58 &#8211; Quantum computers<br /> 1:17:42 &#8211; Experimental validation of many-worlds and emergent spacetime<br /> 1:19:53 &#8211; Quantum mechanics and the human mind<br /> 1:21:51 &#8211; Mindscape podcast</p>

Garry Kasparov: Chess, Deep Blue, AI, and Putin

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Garry Kasparov is considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, he dominated the chess world, ranking world number 1 for most of those 19 years. While he has many historic matches against human chess players, in the long arc of history he may be remembered for his match again a machine, IBM&#8217;s Deep Blue. His initial victories and eventual loss to Deep Blue captivated the imagination of the world of what role Artificial Intelligence systems may play in our civilization&#8217;s future. That excitement inspired an entire generation of AI researchers, including myself, to get into the field. Garry is also a pro-democracy political thinker and leader, a fearless human-rights activist, and author of several books including How Life Imitates Chess which is a book on strategy and decision-making, Winter Is Coming which is a book articulating his opposition to the Putin regime, and Deep Thinking which is a book the role of both artificial intelligence and human intelligence in defining our future. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:33 &#8211; Love of winning and hatred of losing<br /> 04:54 &#8211; Psychological elements<br /> 09:03 &#8211; Favorite games<br /> 16:48 &#8211; Magnus Carlsen<br /> 23:06 &#8211; IBM Deep Blue<br /> 37:39 &#8211; Morality<br /> 38:59 &#8211; Autonomous vehicles<br /> 42:03 &#8211; Fall of the Soviet Union<br /> 45:50 &#8211; Putin<br /> 52:25 &#8211; Life</p>

Michio Kaku: Future of Humans, Aliens, Space Travel &#038; Physics

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist, futurist, and professor at the City College of New York. He is the author of many fascinating books on the nature of our reality and the future of our civilization. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:14 &#8211; Contact with Aliens in the 21st century<br /> 06:36 &#8211; Multiverse and Nirvana<br /> 09:46 &#8211; String Theory<br /> 11:07 &#8211; Einstein&#8217;s God<br /> 15:01 &#8211; Would aliens hurt us?<br /> 17:34 &#8211; What would aliens look like?<br /> 22:13 &#8211; Brain-machine interfaces<br /> 27:35 &#8211; Existential risk from AI<br /> 30:22 &#8211; Digital immortality<br /> 34:02 &#8211; Biological immortality<br /> 37:42 &#8211; Does mortality give meaning?<br /> 43:42 &#8211; String theory<br /> 47:16 &#8211; Universe as a computer and a simulation<br /> 53:16 &#8211; First human on Mars</p>

David Ferrucci: IBM Watson, Jeopardy &#038; Deep Conversations with AI

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">David Ferrucci led the team that built Watson, the IBM question-answering system that beat the top humans in the world at the game of Jeopardy. He is also the Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of Elemental Cognition, a company working engineer AI systems that understand the world the way people do. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:06 &#8211; Biological vs computer systems<br /> 08:03 &#8211; What is intelligence?<br /> 31:49 &#8211; Knowledge frameworks<br /> 52:02 &#8211; IBM Watson winning Jeopardy<br /> 1:24:21 &#8211; Watson vs human difference in approach<br /> 1:27:52 &#8211; Q&#38;A vs dialogue<br /> 1:35:22 &#8211; Humor<br /> 1:41:33 &#8211; Good test of intelligence<br /> 1:46:36 &#8211; AlphaZero, AlphaStar accomplishments<br /> 1:51:29 &#8211; Explainability, induction, deduction in medical diagnosis<br /> 1:59:34 &#8211; Grand challenges<br /> 2:04:03 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 2:08:26 &#8211; Timeline for AGI<br /> 2:13:55 &#8211; Embodied AI<br /> 2:17:07 &#8211; Love and companionship<br /> 2:18:06 &#8211; Concerns about AI<br /> 2:21:56 &#8211; Discussion with AGI</p>

Gary Marcus: Toward a Hybrid of Deep Learning and Symbolic AI

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gary Marcus is a professor emeritus at NYU, founder of Robust.AI and Geometric Intelligence, the latter is a machine learning company acquired by Uber in 2016. He is the author of several books on natural and artificial intelligence, including his new book Rebooting AI: Building Machines We Can Trust. Gary has been a critical voice highlighting the limits of deep learning and discussing the challenges before the AI community that must be solved in order to achieve artificial general intelligence. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:37 &#8211; Singularity<br /> 05:48 &#8211; Physical and psychological knowledge<br /> 10:52 &#8211; Chess<br /> 14:32 &#8211; Language vs physical world<br /> 17:37 &#8211; What does AI look like 100 years from now<br /> 21:28 &#8211; Flaws of the human mind<br /> 25:27 &#8211; General intelligence<br /> 28:25 &#8211; Limits of deep learning<br /> 44:41 &#8211; Expert systems and symbol manipulation<br /> 48:37 &#8211; Knowledge representation<br /> 52:52 &#8211; Increasing compute power<br /> 56:27 &#8211; How human children learn<br /> 57:23 &#8211; Innate knowledge and learned knowledge<br /> 1:06:43 &#8211; Good test of intelligence<br /> 1:12:32 &#8211; Deep learning and symbol manipulation<br /> 1:23:35 &#8211; Guitar</p>

Peter Norvig: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Peter Norvig is a research director at Google and the co-author with Stuart Russell of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach that educated and inspired a whole generation of researchers including myself to get into the field. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 00:37 &#8211; Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach<br /> 09:11 &#8211; Covering the entire field of AI<br /> 15:42 &#8211; Expert systems and knowledge representation<br /> 18:31 &#8211; Explainable AI<br /> 23:15 &#8211; Trust<br /> 25:47 &#8211; Education &#8211; Intro to AI &#8211; MOOC<br /> 32:43 &#8211; Learning to program in 10 years<br /> 37:12 &#8211; Changing nature of mastery<br /> 40:01 &#8211; Code review<br /> 41:17 &#8211; How have you changed as a programmer<br /> 43:05 &#8211; LISP<br /> 47:41 &#8211; Python<br /> 48:32 &#8211; Early days of Google Search<br /> 53:24 &#8211; What does it take to build human-level intelligence<br /> 55:14 &#8211; Her<br /> 57:00 &#8211; Test of intelligence<br /> 58:41 &#8211; Future threats from AI<br /> 1:00:58 &#8211; Exciting open problems in AI</p>

Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Leonard Susskind is a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University, and founding director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. He is widely regarded as one of the fathers of string theory and in general as one of the greatest physicists of our time both as a researcher and an educator. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:02 &#8211; Richard Feynman<br /> 02:09 &#8211; Visualization and intuition<br /> 06:45 &#8211; Ego in Science<br /> 09:27 &#8211; Academia<br /> 11:18 &#8211; Developing ideas<br /> 12:12 &#8211; Quantum computers<br /> 21:37 &#8211; Universe as an information processing system<br /> 26:35 &#8211; Machine learning<br /> 29:47 &#8211; Predicting the future<br /> 30:48 &#8211; String theory<br /> 37:03 &#8211; Free will<br /> 39:26 &#8211; Arrow of time<br /> 46:39 &#8211; Universe as a computer<br /> 49:45 &#8211; Big bang<br /> 50:50 &#8211; Infinity<br /> 51:35 &#8211; First image of a black hole<br /> 54:08 &#8211; Questions within the reach of science<br /> 55:55 &#8211; Questions out of reach of science</p>

Regina Barzilay: Deep Learning for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regina Barzilay is a professor at MIT and a world-class researcher in natural language processing and applications of deep learning to chemistry and oncology, or the use of deep learning for early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer. She has also been recognized for her teaching of several successful AI-related courses at MIT, including the popular Introduction to Machine Learning course. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Colin Angle: iRobot

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Colin Angle is the CEO and co-founder of iRobot, a robotics company that for 29 years has been creating robots that operate successfully in the real world, not as a demo or on a scale of dozens, but on a scale of thousands and millions. As of this year, iRobot has sold more than 25 million robots to consumers, including the Roomba vacuum cleaning robot, the Braava floor mopping robot, and soon the Terra lawn mowing robot. 25 million robots successfully operating autonomously in people&#8217;s homes to me is an incredible accomplishment of science, engineering, logistics, and all kinds of entrepreneurial innovation. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

François Chollet: Keras, Deep Learning, and the Progress of AI

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">François Chollet is the creator of Keras, which is an open source deep learning library that is designed to enable fast, user-friendly experimentation with deep neural networks. It serves as an interface to several deep learning libraries, most popular of which is TensorFlow, and it was integrated into TensorFlow main codebase a while back. Aside from creating an exceptionally useful and popular library, François is also a world-class AI researcher and software engineer at Google, and is definitely an outspoken, if not controversial, personality in the AI world, especially in the realm of ideas around the future of artificial intelligence. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Vijay Kumar: Flying Robots

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vijay Kumar is one of the top roboticists in the world, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Dean of Penn Engineering, former director of GRASP lab, or the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception Laboratory at Penn that was established back in 1979, 40 years ago. Vijay is perhaps best known for his work in multi-robot systems (or robot swarms) and micro aerial vehicles, robots that elegantly cooperate in flight under all the uncertainty and challenges that real-world conditions present. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Yann LeCun: Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Self-Supervised Learning

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yann LeCun is one of the fathers of deep learning, the recent revolution in AI that has captivated the world with the possibility of what machines can learn from data. He is a professor at New York University, a Vice President &#38; Chief AI Scientist at Facebook, co-recipient of the Turing Award for his work on deep learning. He is probably best known as the founder of convolutional neural networks, in particular their early application to optical character recognition. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Jeremy Howard: fast.ai Deep Learning Courses and Research

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Jeremy Howard is the founder of fast.ai, a research institute dedicated to make deep learning more accessible. He is also a Distinguished Research Scientist at the University of San Francisco, a former president of Kaggle as well a top-ranking competitor there, and in general, he&#8217;s a successful entrepreneur, educator, research, and an inspiring personality in the AI community. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Pamela McCorduck: Machines Who Think and the Early Days of AI

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pamela McCorduck is an author who has written on the history and philosophical significance of artificial intelligence, the future of engineering, and the role of women and technology. Her books include Machines Who Think in 1979, The Fifth Generation in 1983 with Ed Feigenbaum who is considered to be the father of expert systems, the Edge of Chaos, The Futures of Women, and more. Through her literary work, she has spent a lot of time with the seminal figures of artificial intelligence, includes the founding fathers of AI from the 1956 Dartmouth summer workshop where the field was launched. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Keoki Jackson: Lockheed Martin

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keoki Jackson is the CTO of Lockheed Martin, a company that through its long history has created some of the most incredible engineering marvels that human beings have ever built, including planes that fly fast and undetected, defense systems that intersect threats that could take the lives of millions in the case of nuclear weapons, and spacecraft systems that venture out into space, the moon, Mars, and beyond with and without humans on-board. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Paola Arlotta is a professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard University. She is interested in understanding the molecular laws that govern the birth, differentiation and assembly of the human brain’s cerebral cortex. She explores the complexity of the brain by studying and engineering elements of how the brain develops. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

George Hotz: Comma.ai, OpenPilot, and Autonomous Vehicles

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">George Hotz is the founder of Comma.ai, a machine learning based vehicle automation company. He is an outspoken personality in the field of AI and technology in general. He first gained recognition for being the first person to carrier-unlock an iPhone, and since then has done quite a few interesting things at the intersection of hardware and software. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Kevin Scott: Microsoft CTO

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kevin Scott is the CTO of Microsoft. Before that, he was the Senior Vice President of Engineering and Operations at LinkedIn. And before that, he oversaw mobile ads engineering at Google. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Gustav Soderstrom: Spotify

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gustav Soderstrom is the Chief Research &#38; Development Officer at Spotify, leading Product, Design, Data, Technology &#38; Engineering teams. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Chris Urmson: Self-Driving Cars at Aurora, Google, CMU, and DARPA

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chris Urmson was the CTO of the Google Self-Driving Car team, a key engineer and leader behind the Carnegie Mellon autonomous vehicle entries in the DARPA grand challenges and the winner of the DARPA urban challenge. Today he is the CEO of Aurora Innovation, an autonomous vehicle software company he started with Sterling Anderson, who was the former director of Tesla Autopilot, and Drew Bagnell, Uber&#8217;s former autonomy and perception lead. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Kai-Fu Lee: AI Superpowers &#8211; China and Silicon Valley

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kai-Fu Lee is the Chairman and CEO of Sinovation Ventures that manages a 2 billion dollar dual currency investment fund with a focus on developing the next generation of Chinese high-tech companies. He is the former President of Google China and the founder of what is now called Microsoft Research Asia, an institute that trained many of the AI leaders in China, including CTOs or AI execs at Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, Lenovo, and Huawei. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME Magazine. He is the author of seven best-selling books in Chinese, and most recently the New York Times best seller called AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes&#160;or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p>

Sean Carroll: The Nature of the Universe, Life, and Intelligence

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at Caltech, specializing in quantum mechanics, gravity, and cosmology. He is the author of several popular books: one on the arrow of time called From Eternity to Here, one on the Higgs boson called The Particle at the End of the Universe, and one on science and philosophy called The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself. He has an upcoming book on Quantum Mechanics that you can preorder now called Something Deeply Hidden. Finally, and perhaps most famously, he is the host of a podcast called Mindscape that you should subscribe to and support on Patreon.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Jeff Hawkins: Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence

<p>Jeff Hawkins is the founder of Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience in 2002 and Numenta in 2005. In his 2004 book titled On Intelligence, and in his research before and after, he and his team have worked to reverse-engineer the neocortex and propose artificial intelligence architectures, approaches, and ideas that are inspired by the human brain. These ideas include Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) from 2004 and The Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence from 2017. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Rosalind Picard: Affective Computing, Emotion, Privacy, and Health

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rosalind Picard is a professor at MIT, director of the Affective Computing Research Group at the MIT Media Lab, and co-founder of two companies, Affectiva and Empatica. Over two decades ago she launched the field of affective computing with her book of the same name. This book described the importance of emotion in artificial and natural intelligence, the vital role emotion communication has to relationships between people in general and in human-robot interaction. </span>If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Gavin Miller: Adobe Research

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gavin Miller is the Head of Adobe Research. Adobe have empowered artists, designers, and creative minds from all professions working in the digital medium for over 30 years with software such as Photoshop, Illustrator, Premiere, After Effects, InDesign, Audition that work with images, video, and audio. Adobe Research is working to define the future evolution of these products in a way that makes the life of creatives easier, automates the tedious tasks, and gives more &#38; more time to operate in the idea space instead of pixel space. This is where the cutting-edge deep learning methods of the past decade can shine more than perhaps any other application. Gavin is the embodiment of combing tech and creativity. Outside of Adobe Research, he writes poetry &#38; builds robots. </span>If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Rajat Monga: TensorFlow

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rajat Monga is an Engineering Director at Google, leading the TensorFlow team. </span> If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Chris Lattner: Compilers, LLVM, Swift, TPU, and ML Accelerators

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chris Lattner is a senior director at Google working on several projects including CPU, GPU, TPU accelerators for TensorFlow, Swift for TensorFlow, and all kinds of machine learning compiler magic going on behind the scenes. He is one of the top experts in the world on compiler technologies, which means he deeply understands the intricacies of how hardware and software come together to create efficient code. He created the LLVM compiler infrastructure project and the CLang compiler. He led major engineering efforts at Apple, including the creation of the Swift programming language. He also briefly spent time at Tesla as VP of Autopilot Software during the transition from Autopilot hardware 1 to hardware 2, when Tesla essentially started from scratch to build an in-house software infrastructure for Autopilot.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Oriol Vinyals: DeepMind AlphaStar, StarCraft, Language, and Sequences

<p>Oriol Vinyals is a senior research scientist at Google DeepMind. Before that he was at Google Brain and Berkeley. His research has been cited over 39,000 times. He is one of the most brilliant and impactful minds in the field of deep learning. He is behind some of the biggest papers and ideas in AI, including sequence to sequence learning, audio generation, image captioning, neural machine translation, and reinforcement learning. He is a co-lead (with David Silver) of the AlphaStar project, creating an agent that defeated a top professional at the game of StarCraft. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>

Ian Goodfellow: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ian Goodfellow is the author of the popular textbook on deep learning (simply titled &#8220;Deep Learning&#8221;). He coined the term Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and with his 2014 paper is responsible for launching the incredible growth of research on GANs. </span>Video version is available on YouTube. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.</p>