Lex Fridman Podcast

#78 – Ann Druyan: Cosmos, Carl Sagan, Voyager, and the Beauty of Science

<p>Ann Druyan is the writer, producer, director, and one of the most important and impactful communicators of science in our time. She co-wrote the 1980 science documentary series Cosmos hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981, and her love for whom, with the help of NASA, was recorded as brain waves on a golden record along with other things our civilization has to offer and launched into space on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft that are now, 42 years later, still active, reaching out farther into deep space than any human-made object ever has. This was a profound and beautiful decision she made as a Creative Director of NASA&#8217;s Voyager Interstellar Message Project. In 2014, she went on to create the second season of Cosmos, called Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, and in 2020, the new third season called Cosmos: Possible Worlds, which is being released this upcoming Monday, March 9. It is hosted, once again, by the fun and brilliant Neil deGrasse Tyson.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> Cosmos Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/COSMOSonTV">https://twitter.com/COSMOSonTV</a><br /> Cosmos Website: <a href="https://fox.tv/CosmosOnTV">https://fox.tv/CosmosOnTV</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:24 &#8211; Role of science in society<br /> 07:04 &#8211; Love and science<br /> 09:07 &#8211; Skepticism in science<br /> 14:15 &#8211; Voyager, Carl Sagan, and the Golden Record<br /> 36:41 &#8211; Cosmos<br /> 53:22 &#8211; Existential threats<br /> 1:00:36 &#8211; Origin of life<br /> 1:04:22 &#8211; Mortality</p>

#77 &#8211; Alex Garland: Ex Machina, Devs, Annihilation, and the Poetry of Science

<p>Alex Garland is a writer and director of many imaginative and philosophical films from the dreamlike exploration of human self-destruction in the movie Annihilation to the deep questions of consciousness and intelligence raised in the movie Ex Machina, which to me is one of the greatest movies on artificial intelligence ever made. I&#8217;m releasing this podcast to coincide with the release of his new series called Devs that will premiere this Thursday, March 5, on Hulu.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> Devs: <a href="https://hulu.tv/2x35HaH">https://hulu.tv/2x35HaH</a><br /> Annihilation: <a href="https://hulu.tv/3ai9Eqk">https://hulu.tv/3ai9Eqk</a><br /> Ex Machina: <a href="https://www.netflix.com/title/80023689">https://www.netflix.com/title/80023689</a><br /> Alex IMDb: <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0307497/">https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0307497/</a><br /> Alex Wiki: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Garland">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Garland</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:42 &#8211; Are we living in a dream?<br /> 07:15 &#8211; Aliens<br /> 12:34 &#8211; Science fiction: imagination becoming reality<br /> 17:29 &#8211; Artificial intelligence<br /> 22:40 &#8211; The new &#8220;Devs&#8221; series and the veneer of virtue in Silicon Valley<br /> 31:50 &#8211; Ex Machina and 2001: A Space Odyssey<br /> 44:58 &#8211; Lone genius<br /> 49:34 &#8211; Drawing inpiration from Elon Musk<br /> 51:24 &#8211; Space travel<br /> 54:03 &#8211; Free will<br /> 57:35 &#8211; Devs and the poetry of science<br /> 1:06:38 &#8211; What will you be remembered for?</p>

#76 &#8211; John Hopfield: Physics View of the Mind and Neurobiology

<p>John Hopfield is professor at Princeton, whose life&#8217;s work weaved beautifully through biology, chemistry, neuroscience, and physics. Most crucially, he saw the messy world of biology through the piercing eyes of a physicist. He is perhaps best known for his work on associate neural networks, now known as Hopfield networks that were one of the early ideas that catalyzed the development of the modern field of deep learning.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> Now What? article: <a href="http://bit.ly/3843LeU">http://bit.ly/3843LeU</a><br /> John wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield</a><br /> Books mentioned:<br /> &#8211; Einstein&#8217;s Dreams: <a href="https://amzn.to/2PBa96X">https://amzn.to/2PBa96X</a><br /> &#8211; Mind is Flat: <a href="https://amzn.to/2I3YB84">https://amzn.to/2I3YB84</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:35 &#8211; Difference between biological and artificial neural networks<br /> 08:49 &#8211; Adaptation<br /> 13:45 &#8211; Physics view of the mind<br /> 23:03 &#8211; Hopfield networks and associative memory<br /> 35:22 &#8211; Boltzmann machines<br /> 37:29 &#8211; Learning<br /> 39:53 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 48:45 &#8211; Attractor networks and dynamical systems<br /> 53:14 &#8211; How do we build intelligent systems?<br /> 57:11 &#8211; Deep thinking as the way to arrive at breakthroughs<br /> 59:12 &#8211; Brain-computer interfaces<br /> 1:06:10 &#8211; Mortality<br /> 1:08:12 &#8211; Meaning of life</p>

#75 &#8211; Marcus Hutter: Universal Artificial Intelligence, AIXI, and AGI

<p>Marcus Hutter is a senior research scientist at DeepMind and professor at Australian National University. Throughout his career of research, including with Jürgen Schmidhuber and Shane Legg, he has proposed a lot of interesting ideas in and around the field of artificial general intelligence, including the development of the AIXI model which is a mathematical approach to AGI that incorporates ideas of Kolmogorov complexity, Solomonoff induction, and reinforcement learning.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> Hutter Prize: <a href="http://prize.hutter1.net">http://prize.hutter1.net</a><br /> Marcus web: <a href="http://www.hutter1.net">http://www.hutter1.net</a><br /> Books mentioned:<br /> &#8211; Universal AI: <a href="https://amzn.to/2waIAuw">https://amzn.to/2waIAuw</a><br /> &#8211; AI: A Modern Approach: <a href="https://amzn.to/3camxnY">https://amzn.to/3camxnY</a><br /> &#8211; Reinforcement Learning: <a href="https://amzn.to/2PoANj9">https://amzn.to/2PoANj9</a><br /> &#8211; Theory of Knowledge: <a href="https://amzn.to/3a6Vp7x">https://amzn.to/3a6Vp7x</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:32 &#8211; Universe as a computer<br /> 05:48 &#8211; Occam&#8217;s razor<br /> 09:26 &#8211; Solomonoff induction<br /> 15:05 &#8211; Kolmogorov complexity<br /> 20:06 &#8211; Cellular automata<br /> 26:03 &#8211; What is intelligence?<br /> 35:26 &#8211; AIXI &#8211; Universal Artificial Intelligence<br /> 1:05:24 &#8211; Where do rewards come from?<br /> 1:12:14 &#8211; Reward function for human existence<br /> 1:13:32 &#8211; Bounded rationality<br /> 1:16:07 &#8211; Approximation in AIXI<br /> 1:18:01 &#8211; Godel machines<br /> 1:21:51 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 1:27:15 &#8211; AGI community<br /> 1:32:36 &#8211; Book recommendations<br /> 1:36:07 &#8211; Two moments to relive (past and future)</p>

#74 &#8211; Michael I. Jordan: Machine Learning, Recommender Systems, and the Future of AI

<p>Michael I. Jordan is a professor at Berkeley, and one of the most influential people in the history of machine learning, statistics, and artificial intelligence. He has been cited over 170,000 times and has mentored many of the world-class researchers defining the field of AI today, including Andrew Ng, Zoubin Ghahramani, Ben Taskar, and Yoshua Bengio.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> (Blog post) <a href="https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/wot7mkc1">Artificial Intelligence—The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:02 &#8211; How far are we in development of AI?<br /> 08:25 &#8211; Neuralink and brain-computer interfaces<br /> 14:49 &#8211; The term &#8220;artificial intelligence&#8221;<br /> 19:00 &#8211; Does science progress by ideas or personalities?<br /> 19:55 &#8211; Disagreement with Yann LeCun<br /> 23:53 &#8211; Recommender systems and distributed decision-making at scale<br /> 43:34 &#8211; Facebook, privacy, and trust<br /> 1:01:11 &#8211; Are human beings fundamentally good?<br /> 1:02:32 &#8211; Can a human life and society be modeled as an optimization problem?<br /> 1:04:27 &#8211; Is the world deterministic?<br /> 1:04:59 &#8211; Role of optimization in multi-agent systems<br /> 1:09:52 &#8211; Optimization of neural networks<br /> 1:16:08 &#8211; Beautiful idea in optimization: Nesterov acceleration<br /> 1:19:02 &#8211; What is statistics?<br /> 1:29:21 &#8211; What is intelligence?<br /> 1:37:01 &#8211; Advice for students<br /> 1:39:57 &#8211; Which language is more beautiful: English or French?</p>

#73 &#8211; Andrew Ng: Deep Learning, Education, and Real-World AI

<p>Andrew Ng is one of the most impactful educators, researchers, innovators, and leaders in artificial intelligence and technology space in general. He co-founded Coursera and Google Brain, launched deeplearning.ai, Landing.ai, and the AI fund, and was the Chief Scientist at Baidu. As a Stanford professor, and with Coursera and deeplearning.ai, he has helped educate and inspire millions of students including me.</p> <p>EPISODE LINKS:<br /> Andrew Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/AndrewYNg">https://twitter.com/AndrewYNg</a><br /> Andrew Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/andrew.ng.96">https://www.facebook.com/andrew.ng.96</a><br /> Andrew LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrewyng/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrewyng/</a><br /> deeplearning.ai: <a href="https://www.deeplearning.ai">https://www.deeplearning.ai</a><br /> landing.ai: <a href="https://landing.ai">https://landing.ai</a><br /> AI Fund: <a href="https://aifund.ai/">https://aifund.ai/</a><br /> AI for Everyone: <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/ai-for-everyone">https://www.coursera.org/learn/ai-for-everyone</a><br /> The Batch newsletter: <a href="https://www.deeplearning.ai/thebatch/">https://www.deeplearning.ai/thebatch/</a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>This episode is also supported by the Techmeme Ride Home podcast. Get it on <a href="https://apple.co/2vIbh1k">Apple Podcasts</a>, on its <a href="https://news.techmeme.com/180306/podcast">website</a>, or find it by searching &#8220;Ride Home&#8221; in your podcast app.</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>OUTLINE:<br /> 00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:23 &#8211; First few steps in AI<br /> 05:05 &#8211; Early days of online education<br /> 16:07 &#8211; Teaching on a whiteboard<br /> 17:46 &#8211; Pieter Abbeel and early research at Stanford<br /> 23:17 &#8211; Early days of deep learning<br /> 32:55 &#8211; Quick preview: deeplearning.ai, landing.ai, and AI fund<br /> 33:23 &#8211; deeplearning.ai: how to get started in deep learning<br /> 45:55 &#8211; Unsupervised learning<br /> 49:40 &#8211; deeplearning.ai (continued)<br /> 56:12 &#8211; Career in deep learning<br /> 58:56 &#8211; Should you get a PhD?<br /> 1:03:28 &#8211; AI fund &#8211; building startups<br /> 1:11:14 &#8211; Landing.ai &#8211; growing AI efforts in established companies<br /> 1:20:44 &#8211; Artificial general intelligence</p>

#72 &#8211; Scott Aaronson: Quantum Computing

<p>Scott Aaronson is a professor at UT Austin, director of its Quantum Information Center, and previously a professor at MIT. His research interests center around the capabilities and limits of quantum computers and computational complexity theory more generally.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>This episode is also supported by the Techmeme Ride Home podcast. Get it on <a href="https://apple.co/2vIbh1k">Apple Podcasts</a>, on its <a href="https://news.techmeme.com/180306/podcast">website</a>, or find it by searching &#8220;Ride Home&#8221; in your podcast app.</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 05:07 &#8211; Role of philosophy in science<br /> 29:27 &#8211; What is a quantum computer?<br /> 41:12 &#8211; Quantum decoherence (noise in quantum information)<br /> 49:22 &#8211; Quantum computer engineering challenges<br /> 51:00 &#8211; Moore&#8217;s Law<br /> 56:33 &#8211; Quantum supremacy<br /> 1:12:18 &#8211; Using quantum computers to break cryptography<br /> 1:17:11 &#8211; Practical application of quantum computers<br /> 1:22:18 &#8211; Quantum machine learning, questionable claims, and cautious optimism<br /> 1:30:53 &#8211; Meaning of life</p>

Vladimir Vapnik: Predicates, Invariants, and the Essence of Intelligence

<p>Vladimir Vapnik is the co-inventor of support vector machines, support vector clustering, VC theory, and many foundational ideas in statistical learning. He was born in the Soviet Union, worked at the Institute of Control Sciences in Moscow, then in the US, worked at AT&#38;T, NEC Labs, Facebook AI Research, and now is a professor at Columbia University. His work has been cited over 200,000 times.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:55 &#8211; Alan Turing: science and engineering of intelligence<br /> 09:09 &#8211; What is a predicate?<br /> 14:22 &#8211; Plato&#8217;s world of ideas and world of things<br /> 21:06 &#8211; Strong and weak convergence<br /> 28:37 &#8211; Deep learning and the essence of intelligence<br /> 50:36 &#8211; Symbolic AI and logic-based systems<br /> 54:31 &#8211; How hard is 2D image understanding?<br /> 1:00:23 &#8211; Data<br /> 1:06:39 &#8211; Language<br /> 1:14:54 &#8211; Beautiful idea in statistical theory of learning<br /> 1:19:28 &#8211; Intelligence and heuristics<br /> 1:22:23 &#8211; Reasoning<br /> 1:25:11 &#8211; Role of philosophy in learning theory<br /> 1:31:40 &#8211; Music (speaking in Russian)<br /> 1:35:08 &#8211; Mortality</p>

Jim Keller: Moore&#8217;s Law, Microprocessors, Abstractions, and First Principles

<p>Jim Keller is a legendary microprocessor engineer, having worked at AMD, Apple, Tesla, and now Intel. He&#8217;s known for his work on the AMD K7, K8, K12 and Zen microarchitectures, Apple A4, A5 processors, and co-author of the specifications for the x86-64 instruction set and HyperTransport interconnect.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:12 &#8211; Difference between a computer and a human brain<br /> 03:43 &#8211; Computer abstraction layers and parallelism<br /> 17:53 &#8211; If you run a program multiple times, do you always get the same answer?<br /> 20:43 &#8211; Building computers and teams of people<br /> 22:41 &#8211; Start from scratch every 5 years<br /> 30:05 &#8211; Moore&#8217;s law is not dead<br /> 55:47 &#8211; Is superintelligence the next layer of abstraction?<br /> 1:00:02 &#8211; Is the universe a computer?<br /> 1:03:00 &#8211; Ray Kurzweil and exponential improvement in technology<br /> 1:04:33 &#8211; Elon Musk and Tesla Autopilot<br /> 1:20:51 &#8211; Lessons from working with Elon Musk<br /> 1:28:33 &#8211; Existential threats from AI<br /> 1:32:38 &#8211; Happiness and the meaning of life</p>

David Chalmers: The Hard Problem of Consciousness

<p>David Chalmers is a philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and consciousness. He is perhaps best known for formulating the hard problem of consciousness which could be stated as &#8220;why does the feeling which accompanies awareness of sensory information exist at all?&#8221;</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:23 &#8211; Nature of reality: Are we living in a simulation?<br /> 19:19 &#8211; Consciousness in virtual reality<br /> 27:46 &#8211; Music-color synesthesia<br /> 31:40 &#8211; What is consciousness?<br /> 51:25 &#8211; Consciousness and the meaning of life<br /> 57:33 &#8211; Philosophical zombies<br /> 1:01:38 &#8211; Creating the illusion of consciousness<br /> 1:07:03 &#8211; Conversation with a clone<br /> 1:11:35 &#8211; Free will<br /> 1:16:35 &#8211; Meta-problem of consciousness<br /> 1:18:40 &#8211; Is reality an illusion?<br /> 1:20:53 &#8211; Descartes&#8217; evil demon<br /> 1:23:20 &#8211; Does AGI need conscioussness?<br /> 1:33:47 &#8211; Exciting future<br /> 1:35:32 &#8211; Immortality</p>

Cristos Goodrow: YouTube Algorithm

<p>Cristos Goodrow is VP of Engineering at Google and head of Search and Discovery at YouTube (aka YouTube Algorithm).</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:26 &#8211; Life-long trajectory through YouTube<br /> 07:30 &#8211; Discovering new ideas on YouTube<br /> 13:33 &#8211; Managing healthy conversation<br /> 23:02 &#8211; YouTube Algorithm<br /> 38:00 &#8211; Analyzing the content of video itself<br /> 44:38 &#8211; Clickbait thumbnails and titles<br /> 47:50 &#8211; Feeling like I&#8217;m helping the YouTube algorithm get smarter<br /> 50:14 &#8211; Personalization<br /> 51:44 &#8211; What does success look like for the algorithm?<br /> 54:32 &#8211; Effect of YouTube on society<br /> 57:24 &#8211; Creators<br /> 59:33 &#8211; Burnout<br /> 1:03:27 &#8211; YouTube algorithm: heuristics, machine learning, human behavior<br /> 1:08:36 &#8211; How to make a viral video?<br /> 1:10:27 &#8211; Veritasium: Why Are 96,000,000 Black Balls on This Reservoir?<br /> 1:13:20 &#8211; Making clips from long-form podcasts<br /> 1:18:07 &#8211; Moment-by-moment signal of viewer interest<br /> 1:20:04 &#8211; Why is video understanding such a difficult AI problem?<br /> 1:21:54 &#8211; Self-supervised learning on video<br /> 1:25:44 &#8211; What does YouTube look like 10, 20, 30 years from now?</p>

Paul Krugman: Economics of Innovation, Automation, Safety Nets &#038; Universal Basic Income

<p>Paul Krugman is a Nobel Prize winner in economics, professor at CUNY, and columnist at the New York Times. His academic work centers around international economics, economic geography, liquidity traps, and currency crises.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:44 &#8211; Utopia from an economics perspective<br /> 04:51 &#8211; Competition<br /> 06:33 &#8211; Well-informed citizen<br /> 07:52 &#8211; Disagreements in economics<br /> 09:57 &#8211; Metrics of outcomes<br /> 13:00 &#8211; Safety nets<br /> 15:54 &#8211; Invisible hand of the market<br /> 21:43 &#8211; Regulation of tech sector<br /> 22:48 &#8211; Automation<br /> 25:51 &#8211; Metric of productivity<br /> 30:35 &#8211; Interaction of the economy and politics<br /> 33:48 &#8211; Universal basic income<br /> 36:40 &#8211; Divisiveness of political discourse<br /> 42:53 &#8211; Economic theories<br /> 52:25 &#8211; Starting a system on Mars from scratch<br /> 55:11 &#8211; International trade<br /> 59:08 &#8211; Writing in a time of radicalization and Twitter mobs</p>

Ayanna Howard: Human-Robot Interaction and Ethics of Safety-Critical Systems

<p>Ayanna Howard is a roboticist and professor at Georgia Tech, director of Human-Automation Systems lab, with research interests in human-robot interaction, assistive robots in the home, therapy gaming apps, and remote robotic exploration of extreme environments.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:09 &#8211; Favorite robot<br /> 05:05 &#8211; Autonomous vehicles<br /> 08:43 &#8211; Tesla Autopilot<br /> 20:03 &#8211; Ethical responsibility of safety-critical algorithms<br /> 28:11 &#8211; Bias in robotics<br /> 38:20 &#8211; AI in politics and law<br /> 40:35 &#8211; Solutions to bias in algorithms<br /> 47:44 &#8211; HAL 9000<br /> 49:57 &#8211; Memories from working at NASA<br /> 51:53 &#8211; SpotMini and Bionic Woman<br /> 54:27 &#8211; Future of robots in space<br /> 57:11 &#8211; Human-robot interaction<br /> 1:02:38 &#8211; Trust<br /> 1:09:26 &#8211; AI in education<br /> 1:15:06 &#8211; Andrew Yang, automation, and job loss<br /> 1:17:17 &#8211; Love, AI, and the movie Her<br /> 1:25:01 &#8211; Why do so many robotics companies fail?<br /> 1:32:22 &#8211; Fear of robots<br /> 1:34:17 &#8211; Existential threats of AI<br /> 1:35:57 &#8211; Matrix<br /> 1:37:37 &#8211; Hang out for a day with a robot</p>

Daniel Kahneman: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI

<p>Daniel Kahneman is winner of the Nobel Prize in economics for his integration of economic science with the psychology of human behavior, judgment and decision-making. He is the author of the popular book &#8220;Thinking, Fast and Slow&#8221; that summarizes in an accessible way his research of several decades, often in collaboration with Amos Tversky, on cognitive biases, prospect theory, and happiness. The central thesis of this work is a dichotomy between two modes of thought: &#8220;System 1&#8221; is fast, instinctive and emotional; &#8220;System 2&#8221; is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The book delineates cognitive biases associated with each type of thinking.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:36 &#8211; Lessons about human behavior from WWII<br /> 08:19 &#8211; System 1 and system 2: thinking fast and slow<br /> 15:17 &#8211; Deep learning<br /> 30:01 &#8211; How hard is autonomous driving?<br /> 35:59 &#8211; Explainability in AI and humans<br /> 40:08 &#8211; Experiencing self and the remembering self<br /> 51:58 &#8211; Man&#8217;s Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl<br /> 54:46 &#8211; How much of human behavior can we study in the lab?<br /> 57:57 &#8211; Collaboration<br /> 1:01:09 &#8211; Replication crisis in psychology<br /> 1:09:28 &#8211; Disagreements and controversies in psychology<br /> 1:13:01 &#8211; Test for AGI<br /> 1:16:17 &#8211; Meaning of life</p>

Grant Sanderson: 3Blue1Brown and the Beauty of Mathematics

<p>Grant Sanderson is a math educator and creator of 3Blue1Brown, a popular YouTube channel that uses programmatically-animated visualizations to explain concepts in linear algebra, calculus, and other fields of mathematics.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:56 &#8211; What kind of math would aliens have?<br /> 03:48 &#8211; Euler&#8217;s identity and the least favorite piece of notation<br /> 10:31 &#8211; Is math discovered or invented?<br /> 14:30 &#8211; Difference between physics and math<br /> 17:24 &#8211; Why is reality compressible into simple equations?<br /> 21:44 &#8211; Are we living in a simulation?<br /> 26:27 &#8211; Infinity and abstractions<br /> 35:48 &#8211; Most beautiful idea in mathematics<br /> 41:32 &#8211; Favorite video to create<br /> 45:04 &#8211; Video creation process<br /> 50:04 &#8211; Euler identity<br /> 51:47 &#8211; Mortality and meaning<br /> 55:16 &#8211; How do you know when a video is done?<br /> 56:18 &#8211; What is the best way to learn math for beginners?<br /> 59:17 &#8211; Happy moment</p>

Stephen Kotkin: Stalin, Putin, and the Nature of Power

<p>Stephen Kotkin is a professor of history at Princeton university and one of the great historians of our time, specializing in Russian and Soviet history. He has written many books on Stalin and the Soviet Union including the first 2 of a 3 volume work on Stalin, and he is currently working on volume 3.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Episode Links:<br /> Stalin (book, vol 1): <a href="https://amzn.to/2FjdLF2">https://amzn.to/2FjdLF2</a><br /> Stalin (book, vol 2): <a href="https://amzn.to/2tqyjc3">https://amzn.to/2tqyjc3</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:10 &#8211; Do all human beings crave power?<br /> 11:29 &#8211; Russian people and authoritarian power<br /> 15:06 &#8211; Putin and the Russian people<br /> 23:23 &#8211; Corruption in Russia<br /> 31:30 &#8211; Russia&#8217;s future<br /> 41:07 &#8211; Individuals and institutions<br /> 44:42 &#8211; Stalin&#8217;s rise to power<br /> 1:05:20 &#8211; What is the ideal political system?<br /> 1:21:10 &#8211; Questions for Putin<br /> 1:29:41 &#8211; Questions for Stalin<br /> 1:33:25 &#8211; Will there always be evil in the world?</p>

Donald Knuth: Algorithms, TeX, Life, and The Art of Computer Programming

<p>Donald Knuth is one of the greatest and most impactful computer scientists and mathematicians ever. He is the recipient in 1974 of the Turing Award, considered the Nobel Prize of computing. He is the author of the multi-volume work, the magnum opus, The Art of Computer Programming. He made several key contributions to the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms. He popularized asymptotic notation, that we all affectionately know as the big-O notation. He also created the TeX typesetting which most computer scientists, physicists, mathematicians, and scientists and engineers use to write technical papers and make them look beautiful.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Episode Links:<br /> <a href="https://amzn.to/39kxRwB">The Art of Computer Programming (book set)</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:45 &#8211; IBM 650<br /> 07:51 &#8211; Geeks<br /> 12:29 &#8211; Alan Turing<br /> 14:26 &#8211; My life is a convex combination of english and mathematics<br /> 24:00 &#8211; Japanese arrow puzzle example<br /> 25:42 &#8211; Neural networks and machine learning<br /> 27:59 &#8211; The Art of Computer Programming<br /> 36:49 &#8211; Combinatorics<br /> 39:16 &#8211; Writing process<br /> 42:10 &#8211; Are some days harder than others?<br /> 48:36 &#8211; What&#8217;s the &#8220;Art&#8221; in the Art of Computer Programming<br /> 50:21 &#8211; Binary (boolean) decision diagram<br /> 55:06 &#8211; Big-O notation<br /> 58:02 &#8211; P=NP<br /> 1:10:05 &#8211; Artificial intelligence<br /> 1:13:26 &#8211; Ant colonies and human cognition<br /> 1:17:11 &#8211; God and the Bible<br /> 1:24:28 &#8211; Reflection on life<br /> 1:28:25 &#8211; Facing mortality<br /> 1:33:40 &#8211; TeX and beautiful typography<br /> 1:39:23 &#8211; How much of the world do we understand?<br /> 1:44:17 &#8211; Question for God</p>

Melanie Mitchell: Concepts, Analogies, Common Sense &#038; Future of AI

<p>Melanie Mitchell is a professor of computer science at Portland State University and an external professor at Santa Fe Institute. She has worked on and written about artificial intelligence from fascinating perspectives including adaptive complex systems, genetic algorithms, and the Copycat cognitive architecture which places the process of analogy making at the core of human cognition. From her doctoral work with her advisors Douglas Hofstadter and John Holland to today, she has contributed a lot of important ideas to the field of AI, including her recent book, simply called Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Episode Links:<br /> <a href="https://amzn.to/2Q80LbP">AI: A Guide for Thinking Humans (book)</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:33 &#8211; The term &#8220;artificial intelligence&#8221;<br /> 06:30 &#8211; Line between weak and strong AI<br /> 12:46 &#8211; Why have people dreamed of creating AI?<br /> 15:24 &#8211; Complex systems and intelligence<br /> 18:38 &#8211; Why are we bad at predicting the future with regard to AI?<br /> 22:05 &#8211; Are fundamental breakthroughs in AI needed?<br /> 25:13 &#8211; Different AI communities<br /> 31:28 &#8211; Copycat cognitive architecture<br /> 36:51 &#8211; Concepts and analogies<br /> 55:33 &#8211; Deep learning and the formation of concepts<br /> 1:09:07 &#8211; Autonomous vehicles<br /> 1:20:21 &#8211; Embodied AI and emotion<br /> 1:25:01 &#8211; Fear of superintelligent AI<br /> 1:36:14 &#8211; Good test for intelligence<br /> 1:38:09 &#8211; What is complexity?<br /> 1:43:09 &#8211; Santa Fe Institute<br /> 1:47:34 &#8211; Douglas Hofstadter<br /> 1:49:42 &#8211; Proudest moment</p>

Jim Gates: Supersymmetry, String Theory and Proving Einstein Right

<p>Jim Gates (S James Gates Jr.) is a theoretical physicist and professor at Brown University working on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory. He served on former President Obama&#8217;s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. He is the co-author of a new book titled Proving Einstein Right about the scientists who set out to prove Einstein&#8217;s theory of relativity.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a>, follow on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL">Spotify</a>, or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Episode Links:<br /> <a href="https://amzn.to/2EQkbLw">Proving Einstein Right (book)</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:13 &#8211; Will we ever venture outside our solar system?<br /> 05:16 &#8211; When will the first human step foot on Mars?<br /> 11:14 &#8211; Are we alone in the universe?<br /> 13:55 &#8211; Most beautiful idea in physics<br /> 16:29 &#8211; Can the mind be digitized?<br /> 21:15 &#8211; Does the possibility of superintelligence excite you?<br /> 22:25 &#8211; Role of dreaming in creativity and mathematical thinking<br /> 30:51 &#8211; Existential threats<br /> 31:46 &#8211; Basic particles underlying our universe<br /> 41:28 &#8211; What is supersymmetry?<br /> 52:19 &#8211; Adinkra symbols<br /> 1:00:24 &#8211; String theory<br /> 1:07:02 &#8211; Proving Einstein right and experimental validation of general relativity<br /> 1:19:07 &#8211; Richard Feynman<br /> 1:22:01 &#8211; Barack Obama&#8217;s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology<br /> 1:30:20 &#8211; Exciting problems in physics that are just within our reach<br /> 1:31:26 &#8211; Mortality</p>

Sebastian Thrun: Flying Cars, Autonomous Vehicles, and Education

<p>Sebastian Thrun is one of the greatest roboticists, computer scientists, and educators of our time. He led development of the autonomous vehicles at Stanford that won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and placed second in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge. He then led the Google self-driving car program which launched the self-driving revolution. He taught the popular Stanford course on Artificial Intelligence in 2011 which was one of the first MOOCs. That experience led him to co-found Udacity, an online education platform. He is also the CEO of Kitty Hawk, a company working on building flying cars or more technically eVTOLS which stands for electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:24 &#8211; The Matrix<br /> 04:39 &#8211; Predicting the future 30+ years ago<br /> 06:14 &#8211; Machine learning and expert systems<br /> 09:18 &#8211; How to pick what ideas to work on<br /> 11:27 &#8211; DARPA Grand Challenges<br /> 17:33 &#8211; What does it take to be a good leader?<br /> 23:44 &#8211; Autonomous vehicles<br /> 38:42 &#8211; Waymo and Tesla Autopilot<br /> 42:11 &#8211; Self-Driving Car Nanodegree<br /> 47:29 &#8211; Machine learning<br /> 51:10 &#8211; AI in medical applications<br /> 54:06 &#8211; AI-related job loss and education<br /> 57:51 &#8211; Teaching soft skills<br /> 1:00:13 &#8211; Kitty Hawk and flying cars<br /> 1:08:22 &#8211; Love and AI<br /> 1:13:12 &#8211; Life</p>

Michael Stevens: Vsauce

<p>Michael Stevens is the creator of Vsauce, one of the most popular educational YouTube channel in the world, with over 15 million subscribers and over 1.7 billion views. His videos often ask and answer questions that are both profound and entertaining, spanning topics from physics to psychology. As part of his channel he created 3 seasons of Mind Field, a series that explored human behavior.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Episode links:<br /> Vsauce YouTube: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/Vsauce">https://www.youtube.com/Vsauce</a><br /> Vsauce Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/tweetsauce">https://twitter.com/tweetsauce</a><br /> Vsauce Instagram: <a href="https://www.instagram.com/electricpants/">https://www.instagram.com/electricpants/</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:26 &#8211; Psychology<br /> 03:59 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 06:55 &#8211; Free will<br /> 07:55 &#8211; Perception vs reality<br /> 09:59 &#8211; Simulation<br /> 11:32 &#8211; Science<br /> 16:24 &#8211; Flat earth<br /> 27:04 &#8211; Artificial Intelligence<br /> 30:14 &#8211; Existential threats<br /> 38:03 &#8211; Elon Musk and the responsibility of having a large following<br /> 43:05 &#8211; YouTube algorithm<br /> 52:41 &#8211; Mortality and the meaning of life</p>

Rohit Prasad: Amazon Alexa and Conversational AI

<p>Rohit Prasad is the vice president and head scientist of Amazon Alexa and one of its original creators.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>The episode is also supported by ZipRecruiter. Try it: <a href="http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod">http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 04:34 &#8211; Her<br /> 06:31 &#8211; Human-like aspects of smart assistants<br /> 08:39 &#8211; Test of intelligence<br /> 13:04 &#8211; Alexa prize<br /> 21:35 &#8211; What does it take to win the Alexa prize?<br /> 27:24 &#8211; Embodiment and the essence of Alexa<br /> 34:35 &#8211; Personality<br /> 36:23 &#8211; Personalization<br /> 38:49 &#8211; Alexa&#8217;s backstory from her perspective<br /> 40:35 &#8211; Trust in Human-AI relations<br /> 44:00 &#8211; Privacy<br /> 47:45 &#8211; Is Alexa listening?<br /> 53:51 &#8211; How Alexa started<br /> 54:51 &#8211; Solving far-field speech recognition and intent understanding<br /> 1:11:51 &#8211; Alexa main categories of skills<br /> 1:13:19 &#8211; Conversation intent modeling<br /> 1:17:47 &#8211; Alexa memory and long-term learning<br /> 1:22:50 &#8211; Making Alexa sound more natural<br /> 1:27:16 &#8211; Open problems for Alexa and conversational AI<br /> 1:29:26 &#8211; Emotion recognition from audio and video<br /> 1:30:53 &#8211; Deep learning and reasoning<br /> 1:36:26 &#8211; Future of Alexa<br /> 1:41:47 &#8211; The big picture of conversational AI</p>

Judea Pearl: Causal Reasoning, Counterfactuals, Bayesian Networks, and the Path to AGI

<p>Judea Pearl is a professor at UCLA and a winner of the Turing Award, that&#8217;s generally recognized as the Nobel Prize of computing. He is one of the seminal figures in the field of artificial intelligence, computer science, and statistics. He has developed and championed probabilistic approaches to AI, including Bayesian Networks and profound ideas in causality in general. These ideas are important not just for AI, but to our understanding and practice of science. But in the field of AI, the idea of causality, cause and effect, to many, lies at the core of what is currently missing and what must be developed in order to build truly intelligent systems. For this reason, and many others, his work is worth returning to often.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:18 &#8211; Descartes and analytic geometry<br /> 06:25 &#8211; Good way to teach math<br /> 07:10 &#8211; From math to engineering<br /> 09:14 &#8211; Does God play dice?<br /> 10:47 &#8211; Free will<br /> 11:59 &#8211; Probability<br /> 22:21 &#8211; Machine learning<br /> 23:13 &#8211; Causal Networks<br /> 27:48 &#8211; Intelligent systems that reason with causation<br /> 29:29 &#8211; Do(x) operator<br /> 36:57 &#8211; Counterfactuals<br /> 44:12 &#8211; Reasoning by Metaphor<br /> 51:15 &#8211; Machine learning and causal reasoning<br /> 53:28 &#8211; Temporal aspect of causation<br /> 56:21 &#8211; Machine learning (continued)<br /> 59:15 &#8211; Human-level artificial intelligence<br /> 1:04:08 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 1:04:31 &#8211; Concerns about AGI<br /> 1:09:53 &#8211; Religion and robotics<br /> 1:12:07 &#8211; Daniel Pearl<br /> 1:19:09 &#8211; Advice for students<br /> 1:21:00 &#8211; Legacy</p>

Whitney Cummings: Comedy, Robotics, Neurology, and Love

<p>Whitney Cummings is a stand-up comedian, actor, producer, writer, director, and the host of a new podcast called Good for You. Her most recent Netflix special called &#8220;Can I Touch It?&#8221; features in part a robot, she affectionately named Bearclaw, that is designed to be visually a replica of Whitney. It&#8217;s exciting for me to see one of my favorite comedians explore the social aspects of robotics and AI in our society. She also has some fascinating ideas about human behavior, psychology, and neurology, some of which she explores in her book called &#8220;I&#8217;m Fine&#8230;And Other Lies.&#8221;</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>The episode is also supported by ZipRecruiter. Try it: <a href="http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod">http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:51 &#8211; Eye contact<br /> 04:42 &#8211; Robot gender<br /> 08:49 &#8211; Whitney&#8217;s robot (Bearclaw)<br /> 12:17 &#8211; Human reaction to robots<br /> 14:09 &#8211; Fear of robots<br /> 25:15 &#8211; Surveillance<br /> 29:35 &#8211; Animals<br /> 35:01 &#8211; Compassion from people who own robots<br /> 37:55 &#8211; Passion<br /> 44:57 &#8211; Neurology<br /> 56:38 &#8211; Social media<br /> 1:04:35 &#8211; Love<br /> 1:13:40 &#8211; Mortality</p>

Ray Dalio: Principles, the Economic Machine, Artificial Intelligence &#038; the Arc of Life

<p>Ray Dalio is the founder, Co-Chairman and Co-Chief Investment Officer of Bridgewater Associates, one of the world&#8217;s largest and most successful investment firms that is famous for the principles of radical truth and transparency that underlie its culture. Ray is one of the wealthiest people in the world, with ideas that extend far beyond the specifics of how he made that wealth. His ideas, applicable to everyone, are brilliantly summarized in his book Principles.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:56 &#8211; Doing something that&#8217;s never been done before<br /> 08:39 &#8211; Shapers<br /> 13:28 &#8211; A Players<br /> 15:09 &#8211; Confidence and disagreement<br /> 17:10 &#8211; Don&#8217;t confuse dilusion with not knowing<br /> 24:38 &#8211; Idea meritocracy<br /> 27:39 &#8211; Is credit good for society?<br /> 32:59 &#8211; What is money?<br /> 37:13 &#8211; Bitcoin and digital currency<br /> 41:01 &#8211; The economic machine is amazing<br /> 46:24 &#8211; Principle for using AI<br /> 58:55 &#8211; Human irrationality<br /> 1:01:31 &#8211; Call for adventure at the edge of principles<br /> 1:03:26 &#8211; The line between madness and genius<br /> 1:04:30 &#8211; Automation<br /> 1:07:28 &#8211; American dream<br /> 1:14:02 &#8211; Can money buy happiness?<br /> 1:19:48 &#8211; Work-life balance and the arc of life<br /> 1:28:01 &#8211; Meaning of life</p>

Noam Chomsky: Language, Cognition, and Deep Learning

<p>Noam Chomsky is one of the greatest minds of our time and is one of the most cited scholars in history. He is a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. He has spent over 60 years at MIT and recently also joined the University of Arizona.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939">App Store</a>, <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&#38;hl=en_US">Google Play</a>), use code &#8220;LexPodcast&#8221;.&#160;</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:59 &#8211; Common language with an alience species<br /> 05:46 &#8211; Structure of language<br /> 07:18 &#8211; Roots of language in our brain<br /> 08:51 &#8211; Language and thought<br /> 09:44 &#8211; The limit of human cognition<br /> 16:48 &#8211; Neuralink<br /> 19:32 &#8211; Deepest property of language<br /> 22:13 &#8211; Limits of deep learning<br /> 28:01 &#8211; Good and evil<br /> 29:52 &#8211; Memorable experiences<br /> 33:29 &#8211; Mortality<br /> 34:23 &#8211; Meaning of life</p>

Gilbert Strang: Linear Algebra, Deep Learning, Teaching, and MIT OpenCourseWare

<p>Gilbert Strang is a professor of mathematics at MIT and perhaps one of the most famous and impactful teachers of math in the world. His MIT OpenCourseWare lectures on linear algebra have been viewed millions of times.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it, use code LexPodcast.&#160;</p> <p>And it is supported by ZipRecruiter. Try it: <a href="http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod">http://ziprecruiter.com/lexpod</a></p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:45 &#8211; Math rockstar<br /> 05:10 &#8211; MIT OpenCourseWare<br /> 07:29 &#8211; Four Fundamental Subspaces of Linear Algebra<br /> 13:11 &#8211; Linear Algebra vs Calculus<br /> 15:03 &#8211; Singular value decomposition<br /> 19:47 &#8211; Why people like math<br /> 23:38 &#8211; Teaching by example<br /> 25:04 &#8211; Andrew Yang<br /> 26:46 &#8211; Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics<br /> 29:21 &#8211; Deep learning<br /> 37:28 &#8211; Theory vs application<br /> 38:54 &#8211; Open problems in mathematics<br /> 39:00 &#8211; Linear algebra as a subfield of mathematics<br /> 41:52 &#8211; Favorite matrix<br /> 46:19 &#8211; Advice for students on their journey through math<br /> 47:37 &#8211; Looking back</p>

Dava Newman: Space Exploration, Space Suits, and Life on Mars

<p>Dava Newman is the Apollo Program professor of AeroAstro at MIT and the former Deputy Administrator of NASA and has been a principal investigator on four spaceflight missions. Her research interests are in aerospace biomedical engineering, investigating human performance in varying gravity environments. She has developed a space activity suit, namely the BioSuit, which would provide pressure through compression directly on the skin via the suit&#8217;s textile weave, patterning, and materials rather than with pressurized gas.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>.</p> <p>This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it, use code LexPodcast. You get $10 and $10 is donated to FIRST, one of my favorite nonprofit organizations that inspires young minds through robotics and STEM education.</p> <p>Here&#8217;s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 03:11 &#8211; Circumnavigating the globe by boat<br /> 05:11 &#8211; Exploration<br /> 07:17 &#8211; Life on Mars<br /> 11:07 &#8211; Intelligent life in the universe<br /> 12:25 &#8211; Advanced propulsion technology<br /> 13:32 &#8211; The Moon and NASA&#8217;s Artemis program<br /> 19:17 &#8211; SpaceX<br /> 21:45 &#8211; Science on a CubeSat<br /> 23:45 &#8211; Reusable rockets<br /> 25:23 &#8211; Spacesuit of the future<br /> 32:01 &#8211; AI in Space<br /> 35:31 &#8211; Interplanetary species<br /> 36:57 &#8211; Future of space exploration</p>

Michael Kearns: Algorithmic Fairness, Bias, Privacy, and Ethics in Machine Learning

<p>Michael Kearns is a professor at University of Pennsylvania and a co-author of the new book Ethical Algorithm that is the focus of much of our conversation, including algorithmic fairness, bias, privacy, and ethics in general. But, that is just one of many fields that Michael is a world-class researcher in, some of which we touch on quickly including learning theory or theoretical foundations of machine learning, game theory, algorithmic trading, quantitative finance, computational social science, and more.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span>&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to <a href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a> or connect with @lexfridman on <a href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a>, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a> or support it on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a>. This episode is sponsored by <a href="https://pessimists.co/">Pessimists Archive</a> podcast. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 02:45 &#8211; Influence from literature and journalism<br /> 07:39 &#8211; Are most people good?<br /> 13:05 &#8211; Ethical algorithm<br /> 24:28 &#8211; Algorithmic fairness of groups vs individuals<br /> 33:36 &#8211; Fairness tradeoffs<br /> 46:29 &#8211; Facebook, social networks, and algorithmic ethics<br /> 58:04 &#8211; Machine learning<br /> 58:05 &#8211; Machine learning<br /> 59:19 &#8211; Algorithm that determines what is fair<br /> 1:01:25 &#8211; Computer scientists should think about ethics<br /> 1:05:59 &#8211; Algorithmic privacy<br /> 1:11:50 &#8211; Differential privacy<br /> 1:19:10 &#8211; Privacy by misinformation<br /> 1:22:31 &#8211; Privacy of data in society<br /> 1:27:49 &#8211; Game theory<br /> 1:29:40 &#8211; Nash equilibrium<br /> 1:30:35 &#8211; Machine learning and game theory<br /> 1:34:52 &#8211; Mutual assured destruction<br /> 1:36:56 &#8211; Algorithmic trading<br /> 1:44:09 &#8211; Pivotal moment in graduate school</p>

Elon Musk: Neuralink, AI, Autopilot, and the Pale Blue Dot

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Elon Musk is the CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, and a co-founder of several other companies. </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">This is the second time Elon has been on the podcast. You can watch the </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEv99vxKjVI">first time on YouTube</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://lexfridman.com/elon-musk/">listen to the first time on its episode page</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">. You can read the <a href="https://lexfridman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/elon_musk_lex_fridman_2_transcript.pdf">transcript (PDF) here</a>. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&#160;If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://lexfridman.com/ai">https://lexfridman.com/ai</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or connect with @lexfridman on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://twitter.com/lexfridman">Twitter</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/">LinkedIn</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman">Facebook</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://medium.com/@lexfridman">Medium</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">, or </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman">YouTube</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584">Apple Podcasts</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;"> or support it on </span><a style="font-size: 1rem;" href="https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman">Patreon</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">. Here&#8217;s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):</span></p> <p>00:00 &#8211; Introduction<br /> 01:57 &#8211; Consciousness<br /> 05:58 &#8211; Regulation of AI Safety<br /> 09:39 &#8211; Neuralink &#8211; understanding the human brain<br /> 11:53 &#8211; Neuralink &#8211; expanding the capacity of the human mind<br /> 17:51 &#8211; Neuralink &#8211; future challenges, solutions, and impact<br /> 24:59 &#8211; Smart Summon<br /> 27:18 &#8211; Tesla Autopilot and Full Self-Driving<br /> 31:16 &#8211; Carl Sagan and the Pale Blue Dot</p>