Veritasium

Why People Prefer More Pain

Jun 25, 2024

We experimented to see how much pain our volunteers could handle. Go to https://headspace-web.app.link/e/vstm to try Headspace for free using the code VERITASIUM Studies on Headspace - https://ve42.co/Headspace A massive thank you to Rayner Moss for recreating the experiment equipment and making this shoot happen. ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Name, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, Wolfee. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Kahneman, D. et al. (1993). When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science - https://ve42.co/Kahneman1993 Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux - https://ve42.co/FastAndSlow Fredrickson, B. L., Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of personality and social psychology - https://ve42.co/Fredrickson1993 Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology - https://ve42.co/Kahneman1972 Diener, E. et al. (2001). End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect. Psychological Science - https://ve42.co/Deiner2001 Redelmeier, D. A. et al. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Pain - https://ve42.co/Redelmeier2003 Kemp, S. et al. (2008). A test of the peak-end rule with extended autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition - https://ve42.co/Kemp2008 Images & Video: Daniel Kahneman via UNSW - https://ve42.co/ImgKahneman Barbara Fredrickson via UNC - https://ve42.co/ImgFredrickson Stephen Gould via achievement.org - https://ve42.co/ImgGould Amos Tversky via LGT - https://ve42.co/ImgTversky ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Owen Maher, David Szasz, Emily Taylor, Gregor Čavlović and Alistair Dann Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

What Jumping Spiders Teach Us About Color

May 30, 2024

How jumping spiders reveal an entire secret world of colors. Let BetterHelp connect you to a therapist who can support you - all from the comfort of your own home. Visit https://betterhelp.com/veritasium and enjoy a special discount on your first month. A massive thank you to everyone at Day’s Edge Productions for making this documentary happen. Check them out at https://daysedge.com/. You can watch the full-length documentary “Spider Vision: Decoding Color” on Curiosity Stream - coming soon. ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Production by Day's Edge fully funded by National Science Foundation (Grant #IOS 1831767) Featuring: Dr. Nathan Morehouse (University of Cincinnati); Olivia Harris (University of Cincinnati), Dr. Megan Porter (University of Hawaii); Dr. Lisa Taylor (University of Florida); Dr. Wayne Maddison (University of British Columbia); and Dr. Emma Alexander (Northwestern University) ▀▀▀ Directed by Neil Losin Written by Neil Losin Edited by Neil Losin, Andy Laub, and Alan Saunders Animated by Root House Studio and David Hutchinson Filmed by Neil Losin, Nate Dappen, Alex Wiles, Andy Laub, and Barend van der Watt Produced by Day’s Edge Productions Repurposed for YouTube by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Peter Nelson, Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor, and Gregor Čavlović Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Video/photos supplied by Day’s Edge Productions and Storyblocks Music by Adrian Younge, PBS, Epidemic Sound, and Jonny Hyman

The Terrifying Real Science Of Avalanches

May 3, 2024

Avalanches are beautiful, majestic, and completely terrifying – this is a video all about the science of avalanches. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and get 20% off an annual premium subscription. A massive thank you to everyone at Whistler Blackcomb for making this shoot happen – Dane Gergovich, David Iles, Alastair Collis, Erin Taylor, and everyone else on the ski patrol team. Thank you for keeping us safe! A massive thank you to Bruce Tremper, Niko Schirmer, and Mark Smiley for their expertise and help with this video. We are truly grateful for your time and expertise. Check out Niko's channel here -- it's easily some of the best skiing content on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/@Nikolai_Schirmer If you have any intention of going into the backcountry, you have to read Bruce’s book – Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. It’s the Bible for this stuff, and the book that inspired us to make this video. ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Tremper, B. (2001). Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. Mountaineers Books. - https://ve42.co/Tremper2001 McClung, D. & Schaerer, P. (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. Mountaineers Books. - https://ve42.co/McClung2006 Hopfinger, E. J. (1983). Snow Avalanche Motion and Related Phenomena. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. - https://ve42.co/Hopfinger1983 Schweizer, J. et al. (2003). Snow avalanche formation. Reviews of Geophysics. - https://ve42.co/Schweizer2003 Schweizer, J. et al. (2008). Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - https://ve42.co/Schweizer2008 Jamieson, B. (2006). Formation of refrozen snowpack layers and their role in slab avalanche release. Reviews of Geophysics. - https://ve42.co/Jamieson2006 Schweizer, J. et al. (2016). Avalance release 101. International Snow Science Workshop Proceeding. - https://ve42.co/Schweizer2016 Schweizer, J. (2008). Snow avalanche formation and dynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - https://ve42.co/Schweizer2008-2 Images & Video: Skiing and snowboarding footage by Niko Schirmer - https://ve42.co/NikoYT World's Biggest Avalanche (c)Thom Goddard/All Star Films Ltd 2015. Thank you to the Thom Goddard Channel for use - https://ve42.co/ThomGoddard Newspaper clippings via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers Video of a snow slab avalanche via Trottet, B. et al. (2022). Transition from sub-Rayleigh anticrack to supershear crack propagation in snow avalanches. Nature Physics. - https://ve42.co/Trottet2022 Remote Triggered Avalanche via Henry’s Avalanche Talk - Remote Triggering of an Avalanche WW1 images via Brugnara, Y. et al. (2016). December 1916: Deadly Wartime Weather. Geographica Bernensia - https://ve42.co/Brugnara2016 Major Avalanches via Geomorphological Hazards - https://ve42.co/MajorAvi White Friday avalanche illustration via Avalanches WIllow - https://ve42.co/WhiteFriday White Friday aftermath via Lost In History - https://ve42.co/AviGraves Field mass on Marmolada via Austrian National Library - https://ve42.co/AviMass Yungay disaster via NOAA - https://ve42.co/Yungay Yungay aftermath via AMC Museum - https://ve42.co/YungayAMC Bruce Tremper Image via utavy - https://ve42.co/BruceTPic Snowpack via SnowStudies.org - https://ve42.co/SnowStudies Snowpack via Avalanche.org - https://ve42.co/SnowPackAvi Snow crystals via Reiweger, I. (2011). Failure of weak snow layers. ETH. - https://ve42.co/Reiweger2011 ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson (Additional editing by James Horsley) Animated by Jakub Misiek, Fabio Albertelli, Alex Zepherin, and Alex Drakoulis Additional Research by Gregor Čavloviċ Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Ryan Regehr FPV Drone by Mitch Winton Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor and Gregor Čavloviċ Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

Something Strange Happens When You Follow Einstein's Math

Apr 30, 2024

Einstein was wrong about black holes, what else? Use code veritasium at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: https://incogni.com/veritasium A massive thank you to Prof. Geraint F. Lewis and Prof. Juan Maldacena for their expertise and help with this video. A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complicated topic: Dr. Suddhasattwa Brahma, Prof. Carlo Rovelli, Dr. Hal Haggard, Prof. Martin Bojowald, Dr. Francesca Vidotto, Prof. Andrew Hamilton, and Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda. A special thanks to Alessandro Roussel from ScienceClic for his spectacular simulations and feedback on the video. Check out his channel here: https://ve42.co/ScienceClic An excellent book on this topic and an inspiration for this video: Cox, B., & Forshaw, J. (2023). Black holes: the key to understanding the universe. ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon to watch an exclusive bonus video that expands on the topic of white holes https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Thorne, K. (1995). Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy. Relativity Playlist by ScienceClic - https://ve42.co/SCPlaylist Hamilton, A. J. S. (2021). General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology - https://ve42.co/Hamilton2021 Black Hole Events by PBS Space Time - https://youtu.be/vNaEBbFbvcY?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x Newton’s Letters via The Newton Project - https://ve42.co/NewtonMail Einstein, A. (1915). Die feldgleichungen der gravitation. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1915 Why Time and Space Swap by ScienceClic - https://youtu.be/GQZ3R81iyE0 Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie. - https://ve42.co/Schwarzschild1916 Wali, K. C. (1982). Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation. - https://ve42.co/Wali1982 How to Build a Black Hole by PBS Space Time - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. - https://ve42.co/TOVLimit Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939 Schwarzschild Geometry by Andrew Hamilton - https://ve42.co/SchwarzGeom Why all world maps are wrong by Vox - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ Hamilton, A. J., & Lisle, J. P. (2008). The river model of black holes. - https://ve42.co/HamiltonLisle2008 Mapping The Multiverse by PBS Space Time - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v9A9hQUcBQ Rotating black hole via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiRBH Wormhole Travel by PBS Space Time - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldVDM-v5uz0 Morris, M. S., & Thorne, K. S. (1988). Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel. - https://ve42.co/MorrisThorne1988 Images & Video: D3 Geo Projection Library by Mike Bostock https://ve42.co/d3geo Interrupted Maps by Jason Davies https://ve42.co/DaviesMaps Kazmierczak, J. et al. (2021). NASA’s NICER Tests Matter’s Limits. - https://ve42.co/NasaNICER Bridgman, T. et al. (2024). M5.1 flare 'Double Whammy', at Active Regions 13559 and 13561. NASA SVS. - https://ve42.co/NasaFlare Schnittman, J. et al. (2019). Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization. - https://ve42.co/NasaAccrDisk Wiessinger, S. et al. (2020). A Decade of Sun. NASA SVS. - https://ve42.co/NasaSunDecade Skelly, C. et al. (2017). What is a Neutron Star? NASA SVS. - https://ve42.co/NasaNeutron What would we see if we fell into a black hole by ScienceClic - https://youtu.be/4rTv9wvvat8 Earth texture - https://ve42.co/NASAEarth First image of Sgr A* - https://ve42.co/EHT1 Image of M87 - https://ve42.co/EHT2 Polarized light image of Sgr A* - https://ve42.co/EHT3 ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Will Wood Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Jonny Hyman, and Alessandro Roussel Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Will Wood, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Taylor Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS Music from Epidemic Sound

Why is this number everywhere?

Mar 28, 2024

The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org! Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - https://www.todd-landman.com/ ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - https://ve42.co/Simon1972 Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - https://ve42.co/Trueman1979 Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Saito1999 Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Philbrick1976 Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - https://ve42.co/Hargreaves2009 The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - https://ve42.co/37Force1 Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - https://ve42.co/Fulves1979 Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - https://ve42.co/Jargon Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - https://ve42.co/RedditRndm Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPNT Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - https://ve42.co/Grossack2023 Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - https://ve42.co/LeastPrime Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - https://ve42.co/Fry2017 Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - https://ve42.co/Seaton2014 Images & Video: Just 37 by Tom Magliery - https://ve42.co/Just37 R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions - https://ve42.co/micro37 The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni - https://ve42.co/NGC2169 Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia - https://ve42.co/Fleischer ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Asst edited by Luke Molloy Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

How Japanese Masters Turn Sand Into Swords

Mar 21, 2024

This is a video about how Japanese samurai swords, aka katanas, are made – from the gathering of the iron sand, to the smelting of the steel, to the forging of the blade. Head over to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV CORRECTION: There's a typo at 18:20. The combination of Ferrite and Cementite is Pearlite, not Perlite. Thanks, @neophoys for pointing it out. ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to John McBride for making this entire project happen. This would not have been possible without John. Please check out his japan walking tours https://walkjapan.com/ Massive thanks to Craig Mod, Inoue-san, everyone in the Tanabe family, and Takanashi-san. Also a massive thank you to Kevin Cashen – https://cashenblades.com/ ▀▀▀ References: Tanii, H., Inazumi, T., & Terashima, K. (2014). Mineralogical study of iron sand with different metallurgical characteristic to smelting with use of Japanese classic iron-making furnace “Tatara”. ISIJ international, 54(5), 1044-1050. Tate, M. (2005). History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan Mainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tatara. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 91(1), 2-10. Krauss, G. (1999). Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Materials science and engineering: A, 273, 40-57. Krauss, G., & Marder, A. R. (1971). The morphology of martensite in iron alloys. Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2343-2357. Yalçın, Ü. (1999). Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 49, 177-187. Kapp, L., Kapp, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1987). The craft of the Japanese sword. Kodansha International. Matsumoto, C., Das, A. K., Ohba, T., Morito, S., Hayashi, T., & Takami, G. (2013). Characteristics of Japanese sword produced from tatara steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, S673-S677. Inoue, T. (2010). Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mechanica, 214(1), 17-30. Images & Video: Great video from NHK – https://ve42.co/NHK ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver and Jack Saxon Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, David Szakaly Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Lui Kimishima Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Emily Taylor Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound

The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math

Mar 8, 2024

Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video. A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help. To try GIMPS out yourself: https://ve42.co/GIMPS These sources were particularly helpful: Perfect numbers via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTPerfect Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - https://ve42.co/Cai2022 Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - https://ve42.co/Dunham2022 ▀▀▀ References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington. Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. - https://ve42.co/Knill2007 Perfect number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPerfect Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust - https://ve42.co/IntroArithmetic Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTNicomachus Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. - https://ve42.co/Sonja1988 Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFallus Mersenne prime via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiMP List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers - https://ve42.co/ListOfMP Marin Mersenne via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTMersenne Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiEuler Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFNCole GIMPS History via Mersenne.org - https://ve42.co/GIMPSHistory EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF - https://ve42.co/EFFAwards Jonathan Pace via Primewiki - https://ve42.co/PWikiPace Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost - https://ve42.co/PrimeBook Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook - https://ve42.co/JDCookMP Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor's Paradise - https://ve42.co/EulerOPN A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium - https://ve42.co/Machado2024 Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. - https://ve42.co/Brent1991 Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. - https://ve42.co/Ochem2012 Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs Descartes number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., ... & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. - https://ve42.co/Andersen2022 Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org - https://ve42.co/Heuristic Images & Video: Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM1 Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM2 Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM3 Diophanti - https://ve42.co/Diophanti Gauss book - https://ve42.co/GaussDis Euler’s Archive 1 - https://ve42.co/Euler1 Euler’s Archive 2 - https://ve42.co/Euler2 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Equation That Beat Wall Street

Feb 27, 2024

How the Black-Scholes/Merton equation made trillions of dollars. Sponsored by Henson Shaving - Don’t forget to check out http://hensonshaving.com/derek and enter code “derek” at checkout to get a FREE pack of 100 blades (2+ years worth) with the purchase of a razor. Just make sure both products are in the cart for the code to take effect. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Prof. Andrew Lo (MIT) for speaking with us and helping with the script. We would also like to thank the following: Prof. Amanda Turner (University of Leeds) Owen Maher (Electrify Video Partners) ▀▀▀ References: The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/GZuckerman The Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. - https://ve42.co/FinancePhysics The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. - https://ve42.co/Springer Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. - https://ve42.co/BlackScholes Cornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. - https://ve42.co/Medallion Images & Video: Ed Thorp on The Tim Ferris Show - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNvz91Jyzbg Jim Simons on TED - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5kIdtMJGc8 Jim Simons on Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNznD9hMEh0 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Will Wood and Derek Muller Written by Will Wood, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Camera operation by Raquel Nuno Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Will Wood Produced by Will Wood, Han Evans and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

Why It Was Almost Impossible to Make the Blue LED

Feb 8, 2024

The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD Huge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (https://ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around. Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science. Thanks to these especially helpful sources: Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - https://ve42.co/NakamuraNobel Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - https://ve42.co/Johnstone2015 Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - https://ve42.co/Nakamura2010 ▀▀▀ References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8M2z2hIbag https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGUteH93xNo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idwKHQEw78g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoTALRhAqWc Touchstone, L. A. (2022). Nick Holonyak Jr. University of Illinois. - https://ve42.co/Touchstone2022 Perry, T. S. (1995). The Unsung Inventor. IEEE Spectrum. - https://ve42.co/Perry1995 Chabay, R. & Sherwood, B. (2011). Matter & interactions (4th ed.), S2: Semiconductors. Wiley. - https://ve42.co/ChabaySherwood How MOCVD Works via Aixtron - https://ve42.co/MOCVD Vangala, S. R., et al. (2019). Epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs. Journal of Crystal Growth. - https://ve42.co/Vangala2019 Nakamura, S. (1991). GaN Growth Using GaN Buffer Layer. JJAP. - https://ve42.co/Nakamura3rd1991 Amano, H., et al. (1989). P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN w/ LEEBI. JJAP. - https://ve42.co/Amano1989 Huang, M., et al. (2021). Defects in Mg–H‐Codoped GaN. Physica Status Solidi. - https://ve42.co/Huang2021 Schubert, E. F. (2006). Light Emitting Diodes, Ch 4: LED basics. Cambridge University Press. - https://ve42.co/RPI-LEDs Kitada, C. (2001). Blue About Japan. Japan Inc. - https://ve42.co/Kitada2001 Whitaker, T. (2002). Nakamura loses Nichia patent battle. Optics.org. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales3 Pirates Osaka. (2014). Nakamura awarded Nobel Prize in Physics. Hatena Blog. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales1 Growth Bozu via Twitter. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales2 Rose, J. (2014). Blue LEDs – Filling the world with new light. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - https://ve42.co/Rose2014 Pattison, P. M., et al. (2017). LED lighting efficacy. Comptes Rendus Physique. - https://ve42.co/Pattison2017 Electricity pricing via EIA - https://ve42.co/ElectricityPricing Lane, K., et al. (2023). Lighting. IEA. - https://ve42.co/LightingIEA LED Footprint via The Climate Group - https://ve42.co/ClimateGroupLED Nichia’s History via Nichia - https://ve42.co/NichiaHistory Shuji Nakamura via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/NakamuraWiki Images & Video: Lighting the World via UCTVInsight on YouTube - https://ve42.co/UCTVep2 & https://ve42.co/UCTVep3 Palo Alto Times 1971 Article via Newspapers.com - https://ve42.co/Newspapers Nick Holonyak, Jr. and the LED via UIUC on YouTube - https://ve42.co/HolonyakIllinois The Original Blue LED via Science History Institute on YouTube - https://ve42.co/OGBlueLED Maxfield, M. (2022). Compound Semiconductors. EE Journal. - https://ve42.co/Maxfield2022 M. Stutzmann, et al. (2001). Playing with Polarity. pss (b). - https://ve42.co/Stutzman2001 Isamu Akasaki in 1995 via Andrey Nikolaev on YouTube - https://ve42.co/AsakiNikolaev Pioneer TX-610 Stereo Tuner via Ian Marino on YouTube - https://ve42.co/StereoMarino Shuji Nakamura via EPO on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NakamuraEPO Nichia Campus via Nichia on LinkedIn - https://ve42.co/NichiaHQ Nichia via TDElektronik on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NichiaTDE Violeds Sterilization of COVID-19 via Seoul Viosys - https://ve42.co/SterilizationUV ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra Vitae Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton Oliver Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Rainiest Place On Earth

Jan 26, 2024

The rainiest place on earth isn’t where you might expect. Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Okouchi-San and Dr. Sakai and everyone at NIED and the Large Scale Rainfall Simulator for their time, expertise and access to this amazing facility. A big thank you to Prof. Olga Mavrouli and Prof. Bill Schulz for their invaluable expertise on the mechanisms of landslides. ▀▀▀ References: Ulbrich, C. W. (1983). Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1764-1775. – https://ve42.co/Ulbrich83 Van Boxel, J. H. (1997, November). Numerical model for the fall speed of rain drops in a rain fall simulator. In Workshop on wind and water erosion (Vol. 5, pp. 77-85). – https://ve42.co/Boxel87 Canuti, P., Focardi, P., & Garzonio, C. (1985). Correlation between rainfall and landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment, 32(1). Tsaparas, I., Rahardjo, H., Toll, D. G., & Leong, E. C. (2002). Controlling parameters for rainfall-induced landslides. Computers and geotechnics, 29(1), 1-27. – https://ve42.co/Tsaparas2002 Nakamura, H., & Oosawa, M. (2021, March). Effects of the underground discharge channel/reservoir for small urban rivers in the Tokyo area. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 703, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing. – https://ve42.co/Nakamura21 Guthrie, R. H., & Evans, S. G. (2004). Magnitude and frequency of landslides triggered by a storm event, Loughborough Inlet, British Columbia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4(3), 475-483. – https://ve42.co/Guthrie2004 Images & Video: Miyako, Iwate Tsunami via ANNnewsCH - https://ve42.co/Miyako2011 Mount Onake Volcano via BBC News - https://ve42.co/BBCOnake Typhoon Jebi via Al Jazeera - https://ve42.co/TyphoonJebi East Asia Typhoons via CBC News - https://ve42.co/TyphoonCBC Atami Landslide via The Quint - https://ve42.co/Atami2021 Atami Landslide via news.com.au - https://ve42.co/2ndAtami2021 Sendai Earthquake via ANNnewsCH - https://ve42.co/SendaiQuake Nagasaki Mudslide via The Telegrap - https://ve42.co/NagasakiMudslide Wajima Landslide via Guardian News - https://ve42.co/WajimaLandslide Drone Rainfall Test via AIZAWAchan - https://ve42.co/DroneRain Car Rainfall Test via TIER IV - https://ve42.co/CarRainTest Rainfall Simulator via NIED - https://ve42.co/RainfallSim1 External Footage of Simulator via NIED - https://ve42.co/RainfallSim2 Landslide Simulations via NIED - https://ve42.co/RainfallSim3 Typhoon Prapiroon via Force Thirteen - https://ve42.co/TyphoonPrapiroon Yanohigashi Floods via CNA - https://ve42.co/YanohigashiFloods Japan Floods via The Telegraph - https://ve42.co/TelegraphFlood Japan Floods via euronew - https://ve42.co/EuroNewsFlood Typhoon Hagibis via Guardian News - https://ve42.co/TyphoonHagibis Typhoon Hagibis via SCMP - https://ve42.co/TyphoonHagibisSCMP Satellite Imagery of Hagibis via Force Thirteen - https://ve42.co/HagibisSatellite Tokyo Flood Control System via NikkeiAsia.com - https://ve42.co/FloodControl Landslides Footage via Underworld - https://ve42.co/MonsterLandslides Norway Landslide via ABC7 - https://ve42.co/NorwayLandslide Planet Destruction via BBC - https://ve42.co/BBCDestruction B.C. Climate Change Danger via CBC News - https://ve42.co/BCClimateChange Canada’s Logging Roads via CBC News - https://ve42.co/CBCLogging ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev Edited by Peter Nelson Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović Animated by Fabio Albertelli Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Gregor Čavlović Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound

Do people understand the scale of the universe?

Jan 15, 2024

Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video. ▀▀▀ References: Fun video by RealLifeLore about the scale of the Universe - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iy7NzjCmUf0&pp=ygUkcmVhbCBsaWZlIGxvcmUgc2NhbGUgb2YgdGhlIHVuaXZlcnNl Moon Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAMoon Titan Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/Titan Mercury Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/Mercury Why Pluto is no Longer a Planet, BBC News via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIk29MnzZWA&pp=ygUYcGx1dG8gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGEgcGxhbmV0 Pluto, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPluto Eris, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiEris Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007). The mass of dwarf planet Eris. Science, 316(5831), 1585-1585. - https://ve42.co/Brown2007 Trans-Neptunian object, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiTNO IAU 2006 General Assembly Press Release, via IAU - https://ve42.co/IAU2006 Solar System Moons via NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAMoons Solar System Asteroids via NASA - https://ve42.co/Asteroids Solar System, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSolarSystem How many stars are in the Universe via ESA - https://ve42.co/ESAStars Catalog of Exoplanets via exoplanet - https://ve42.co/ExoplanetCatalog Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., Bettigole, C., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., ... & Bradford, M. A. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201-205. - https://ve42.co/Crowther2015 Galaxy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiGalaxy Counting Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope via NASA - https://ve42.co/CountingGalaxies Conselice, C. J., Wilkinson, A., Duncan, K., & Mortlock, A. (2016). The evolution of galaxy number density at z8 and its implications. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(2), 83. - https://ve42.co/Conselice2016 Sagan, C., & Druyan, A. (2011). Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. Ballantine books. Images & Video: Clip of Titan’s Surface, NASA via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn3-0a19sC8 Clips of Pluto Had it Coming, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nqT7XrYRPc Image of Solar System Objects - https://ve42.co/SolarSystemObjects ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Additional research & fact checking by Gregor Čavlović Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan Treadwell Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. Norman Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

This game theory problem will change the way you see the world

Dec 23, 2023

This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time. To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: https://ve42.co/Axelrod2023 A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: https://ncase.me/trust/ A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart. ▀▀▀ References: Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - https://ve42.co/Case2023 Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0 How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h Tit for Tat by radiolab - https://ve42.co/T4T The Golden Rule by radiolab - https://ve42.co/GoldenRule Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press. Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone. Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate. Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford. Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - https://ve42.co/JOE1 Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPD Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - https://ve42.co/StanfordPD Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - https://ve42.co/Flood1952 Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiNWS Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - https://ve42.co/Goodwin1998 Cold war: How it happened. - https://ve42.co/CW2014 Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980a Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980b Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. https://ve42.co/Axelrod1981 Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSP Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - https://ve42.co/Wu1995 INF Treaty - https://ve42.co/INF START Treaties - https://ve42.co/START START I, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSTART Images & Video: RAND Historical images via rand.org - https://ve42.co/RAND Golden Balls - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8 Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - https://ve42.co/Stellarium Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - https://ve42.co/MT2012 Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - https://ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019 Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - https://ve42.co/Kaufman2014 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

How To Earthquake-Proof A House

Dec 19, 2023

How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to https://www.shopify.com/veritasium. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot. A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise. ▀▀▀ References: Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world's largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. - https://ve42.co/Nakashima Suganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. - https://ve42.co/Suganuma Ohtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). - https://ve42.co/Ohtani Horiuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. - https://ve42.co/Horiuchi Nakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). - https://ve42.co/Nakamura Japan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. - https://ve42.co/BigQuake Images & Video: Kobe earthquake compilation - https://ve42.co/Kobe ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: carrotcypher, Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Directed by Will Wood and Petr Lebedev Written by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Leigh Williamson, David Szakaly Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Lui Kimishima and Derek Muller Produced by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and NIED (E-defense) Music from Epidemic Sound

The SAT Question Everyone Got Wrong

Nov 30, 2023

How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB I invented Snatoms, a molecule modeling kit where the atoms snap together magnetically. Try it at https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Huge thanks to Dr. Doug Jungreis for taking the time to speak with us about this SAT question. Thanks to Stellarium, a wonderful free astronomy simulator – https://ve42.co/Stellarium Thanks to Newspapers.com, a database of historical newspapers – https://ve42.co/Newspapers ▀▀▀ References: Summary of this problem by MindYourDecisions – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN3AOMrnEUs More cool math about this problem by Kyle Hill – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zCDbB9wvrc Discussion of a solar day by MinutePhysics – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZMMuv0Ltyo Murtagh, J. (2023). The SAT Problem That Everybody Got Wrong. Scientific American – https://ve42.co/SATSciAm United Press International (1982). Error Found in S.A.T. Question. New York Times – https://ve42.co/SAT-NYT Yang (2020). What's the hardest SAT math problem that you've seen? Quora – https://ve42.co/SATQuora Coin rotation paradox via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/CoinParadox Simmons, B. (2015). Circle revolutions rolling around another circle. MathStackExchange. – https://ve42.co/CircleRoll Sidereal time via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/SiderealWiki Solar Time vs. Sidereal Time via Las Cumbres Observatory – https://ve42.co/SiderealLCO Images & Video: Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - https://ve42.co/Stellarium Newspapers from 1980s - 1990s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers SAT Practice Test via the College Board – https://ve42.co/PracticeSAT Revolution Definition via NASA – https://ve42.co/RevolutionNASA Revolution Definition via Merriam-Webster – https://ve42.co/RevolutionWebster Earth motion animation via NASA – https://ve42.co/OrbitNASA Satellite animation via NASA – https://ve42.co/SatNASA ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Gregor Čavlović Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Surprising Genius of Sewing Machines

Nov 22, 2023

How do sewing machines actually work? Get your first month of KiwiCo FREE at https://www.kiwico.com/veritasium If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. ▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Prof. Andy Ruina for suggesting this video topic, guiding us in the research, and giving deeply insightful notes. Massive thanks to Noah Johnson and Tina Vines for teaching Derek how to chain-stitch, and letting us shoot with your embroidery machine! Please check out https://www.instagram.com/stitchrite and https://www.instagram.com/tina_vines if you're interested in seeing more of their gorgeous chain stitch embroidery. Thanks to Denny Stanley and the whole crew at Las Vegas Props for building the large replica model of the sewing machine. https://www.vegasprops.net ▀▀▀ References: Parton, J. (1870). History of the Sewing-machine. Howe Machine Company, No. 38, N. Charles St.. -- https://ve42.co/Patron1870 Gregory, J. M. (2006). A History of the Sewing Machine to 1880. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 76(1), 127-144. -- https://ve42.co/Gregory2006 How America Spends Money: 100 Years In the Life of the Family Budget, The Atlantic -- https://ve42.co/Budget1 Buckman, J. (2016). Unraveling the Threads: The Life, Death and Resurrection of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, America’s First Multi-National Corporation. Dog Ear Publishing. Lewton, F. L. (1930). The servant in the house: a brief history of the sewing machine (Vol. 3056). US Government Printing Office. -- https://ve42.co/Lewton1930 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Gene Nagata and Taylor Cody Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

What is the secret of a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness

Nov 15, 2023

How to lead a happier, healthier and longer life. Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help. ▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Prof. Robert Waldinger for all his help with this video. To learn more about what makes for a good life, visit: https://the-good-life-book.com/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KkKuTCFvzI&pp=ygUJd2FsZGluZ2Vy A special thanks to Prof. Julianne Holt-Lunstad for her expert advice on the importance of social connections and the detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation. ▀▀▀ Additional Videos: Family Reacts to Winning CA$1 Million Lotto, NowThisNews via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CA1Lottery Woman claims to be $1 billion Powerball winner, KTLA 5 via YouTube - https://ve42.co/1BilLottery Old Lottery Winner Meets Young Lottery Winner | The Gap, LADbible TV via YouTube - https://ve42.co/LADBibleLottery Why eyewitnesses get it wrong - Scott Fraser, TED-Ed via Youtube - https://ve42.co/TEDFraser Surgeon General discusses health risks of loneliness and steps to help connect with others, PBS NewsHour via YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBS-SG ▀▀▀ References: Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World's Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon and Schuster. Lindqvist et al. (2020). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being. The Review of Economic Studies. - https://ve42.co/Lindqvist2020 Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet. - https://ve42.co/Wen2011 Nocon et al. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - https://ve42.co/Nocon2008 Blondell et al. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. - https://ve42.co/Blondell2014 Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. - https://ve42.co/LonelinessEpidemic Holt-Lunstad et al. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine. - https://ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2010 Valtorta et al. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. - https://ve42.co/Valtorta2016 Shovestul et al. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. - https://ve42.co/Shovestul2020 Donovan et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - https://ve42.co/Donovan2017 Lara et al. (2019). Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Ageing research reviews. - https://ve42.co/Lara2019 Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science. - https://ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2015 McIntyre et al. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relations between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior. - https://ve42.co/McIntyre2015 Kahneman & Deaton. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. - https://ve42.co/Kahneman2010 Killingsworth. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - https://ve42.co/Killingsworth2021 Killingsworth et al. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - https://ve42.co/Killingsworth2023 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, and Zyan Treadwell Produced by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

How Do Night Vision Goggles Work?

Nov 4, 2023

We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/ Or their YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision ▀▀▀ Video References: Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – https://ve42.co/HSWNightVision Montoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – https://ve42.co/PhotonicsTech Brain Stuff - HowStuffWorks via YouTube – https://ve42.co/HSWVideo Photonis via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Photonis Operator Drewski via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NVGaming Night-vision device via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/NVWiki Image intensifier via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Intensifier Lodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –https://ve42.co/AstroPix Kinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – https://ve42.co/PhotoISO Macias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – https://ve42.co/BINightVision Van Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emis­sion. Quan­tum Me­chan­ics for En­gi­neers. – https://ve42.co/Thermoionic Nave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – https://ve42.co/BlackBody Night Vision Terminology - Generations. ModArmory. – https://ve42.co/ModArmory NASA (2018). X-ray Detectors - Electrical Current Detections. – https://ve42.co/NASAXRay Images & Video: Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNOBL Sicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube - https://ve42.co/Sicario Splinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube - https://ve42.co/SplinterCell Step Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube - https://ve42.co/StepBrothers Ukraine report, via CNN on YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNUkraine FLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube - https://ve42.co/FLIRK2 Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAChandra ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy Tello Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel Nuno Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Problem With Science Communication

Oct 31, 2023

To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R And Geraint Lewis: https://www.geraintflewis.com/ ▀▀▀ Images and references: Holographic wormhole, via Nature - https://ve42.co/Holographic ‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature - https://ve42.co/NatureWormhole Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice - https://ve42.co/ViceWormhole ‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World - https://ve42.co/PWTeleportation ‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta - https://ve42.co/QuantaWormhole ‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times - https://ve42.co/NYTWormhole ‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta - https://ve42.co/QuantaYTWormhole Quantum computer imagery, via Quantumai - https://ve42.co/Quantumai ‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News - https://ve42.co/SkyWormhole ‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNWormhole ‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press - https://ve42.co/APWormhole ‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE - https://ve42.co/JRE AskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit - https://ve42.co/ClimateAMA ‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford - https://ve42.co/AndreiLinde ‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/Waves2Dust ‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv - https://ve42.co/Superconductor ‘What's the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News - https://ve42.co/GlobalLK99 Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter - https://ve42.co/Meissner ‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube - https://ve42.co/BreakingPoints ‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ - https://ve42.co/WSJSuperconductor LK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles - https://ve42.co/KL99Forum Copper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials - https://ve42.co/CopperGraph LK-99 Superconductor ​showing levitation - https://ve42.co/Levitation ‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science - https://ve42.co/SocialScience Tiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT - https://ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos ‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium - https://ve42.co/CosmoCrisis ‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think - https://ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo ‘Why is there a 'crisis' in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space - https://ve42.co/SpaceCosmo ‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBSBreakthrough DOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube - https://ve42.co/DOEPress ‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC - https://ve42.co/CNBCFusion ‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN - https://ve42.co/CNNFusion Nuclear fusion article, via CNN - https://ve42.co/CNNNuclear Climate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianClimate Nuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianFusion Fusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London - https://ve42.co/ImperialFusion Wednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianBriefing Sky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube - https://ve42.co/SkyBulletin Alien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz - https://ve42.co/AlienProbe Attempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua 'comet' article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline - https://ve42.co/Oumuamua ‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner - https://ve42.co/NYTAliens ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett

How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes

Oct 21, 2023

Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video. A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology. Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry. ▀▀▀ Images: Euclid via Science Museum Group - https://ve42.co/Euclid Geodesy survey via ams - https://ve42.co/Geodesy John Wheeler via NAS Online - https://ve42.co/Wheeler ▀▀▀ References: Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons. Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation. Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - https://ve42.co/LibofCongress Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Elements The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory We (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - https://ve42.co/4DPringle Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Parallel Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media. St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - https://ve42.co/Bolyai Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon. Gauss, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Gauss Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - https://ve42.co/Landvermessung Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas. A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - https://ve42.co/Riemann Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905 ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905 Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - https://ve42.co/NANOGrav Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBSCMB Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - https://ve42.co/AncientLight Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - https://ve42.co/Planck2013 WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - https://ve42.co/WMAP2014 What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - https://ve42.co/SpaceShape Shape of the universe, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/UniverseShape Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic Hyperbolic Crochet model - https://ve42.co/Crochet ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble. Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version)

Oct 7, 2023

YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2 Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ References: The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017 Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose Edited by Trenton Oliver Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies SFX by Shaun Clifford Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

Pushing The Limits Of Extreme Breath-Holding

Sep 30, 2023

He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help. ▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit https://eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding. ▀▀▀ References: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. - https://ve42.co/BodyBreathing Anatomy, autonomic nervous system - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). - https://ve42.co/ANS Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - https://ve42.co/ncbiATP Acidosis. Acidosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Acidosis Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis - Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Alkalosis Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - https://ve42.co/DivingO López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. - https://ve42.co/Barneo2008 Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. - https://ve42.co/BOLT Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. - https://ve42.co/Lindholm2009 Physiology, lung capacity - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - https://ve42.co/LungCapacity Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. - https://ve42.co/Panneton2020 Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. https://ve42.co/Bakovic2005 Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). - https://ve42.co/Gooden1971 Longest duration breath hold - freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/DivingRecord What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Southwell2023 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

How Humanity Almost Destroyed Itself

Sep 11, 2023

Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect. ▀▀▀ References: List of Broken Arrows -- https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport Declassified Goldsboro Report -- https://ve42.co/Goldsboro Operation ChromeDome -- https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome CIA website -- https://ve42.co/CIA Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- https://ve42.co/WoPo THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- https://ve42.co/lastflight The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- https://ve42.co/Messinger Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2 Picture of ReVelle -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1 Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2 CIA Website -- https://ve42.co/CIA ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Insane Math Of Knot Theory

Sep 3, 2023

There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots. Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory. Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots. If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out: The amazing KnotPlot tool — https://knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well! A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/ The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page ▀▀▀ Knot Theory Video References – https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs Images & Video: Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/GordianCut Indus Valley tablet via Quora - https://ve42.co/IndusValley Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland - https://ve42.co/BookOfKells Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram - https://ve42.co/KellsInsta Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Panchang Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Quipu Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo - https://ve42.co/Borromeo Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica - https://ve42.co/JonesBirman Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil Bacteria animation from Your Body's Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research - http://wehi.tv Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019 KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots - https://ve42.co/Knotprot ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

Why Airships Might Make A Comeback

Aug 31, 2023

Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise. Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof. Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux. We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales. ▀▀▀ References: How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - https://ve42.co/FutureAirships Airship, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - https://ve42.co/Handmer2020 UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - https://ve42.co/RMT2020 National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - https://ve42.co/FAF5 Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - https://ve42.co/HAV LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - https://ve42.co/LTAResearch OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - https://ve42.co/NPExpedition Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - https://ve42.co/BASI Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1 Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Owen2019 National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - https://ve42.co/USSAkron USS Akron, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Directed by Casper Mebius Edited by Jack Saxon Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5 Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans More footage & photos from: Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4 O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2 Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - https://ve42.co/Aerium

I took an IQ test to explain what's wrong with them

Aug 3, 2023

IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time. Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study. ▀▀▀ References: Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company. Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing. Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray. Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - https://ve42.co/Spearman1904 Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - https://ve42.co/Binet1907 Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/IQWiki Radiolab Presents: G. - https://ve42.co/RadioLabG McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - https://ve42.co/McDaniel2005 Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - https://ve42.co/Deary2007 Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - https://ve42.co/Blasco2022 Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - https://ve42.co/Kuncel2010 Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - https://ve42.co/Laurence1991 Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing. Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - https://ve42.co/Gottfredson2004 Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - https://ve42.co/Izquierdo2023 Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - https://ve42.co/Zagorsky2007 Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - https://ve42.co/Strenze2007 Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - https://ve42.co/Deary2013 Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - https://ve42.co/Flynn1987 Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn, TED via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - https://ve42.co/Duckworth2011 Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - https://ve42.co/Kulik1984 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans

The Man Who Gave us the Power To Destroy Ourselves (Oppenheimer)

Jul 18, 2023

J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription! If you want to learn more about Oppenheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It was the inspiration for Christopher Nolan's 2023 film "Oppenheimer", which won multiple awards, including Oscars in 2024 for Best Picture and Best Actor (Cillian Murphy). If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback. ▀▀▀ References: Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books. Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - https://ve42.co/Smith1980 Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - https://ve42.co/Combes1981 Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster. Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. - https://ve42.co/Born1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66. Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349. Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725. Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). - https://ve42.co/Malik1985 Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs -- https://ve42.co/Konopinski46 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson Filmed by Derek Muller Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike Radjabov Illustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Hidden Science of Fireworks

Jul 7, 2023

This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free! If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe. ▀▀▀ Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones. Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials. Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks. Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks. ▀▀▀ Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

The Most Misunderstood Concept in Physics

Jul 1, 2023

One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov. ▀▀▀ References: Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890 Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016 Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996 Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021 Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023 Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010 Entropy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867 What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017 Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft. Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994 Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008 Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012 England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013 England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015 Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014 Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972 Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022 Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008 The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

I Vacuum Venom from the World's Deadliest Spider

Jun 21, 2023

Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help. ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions. Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process. ▀▀▀ References: Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - https://ve42.co/Pineda2014 Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - https://ve42.co/Isbister2005 Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - https://ve42.co/Herzig2020 Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - https://ve42.co/Nicholson2002 Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - https://ve42.co/Fletcher1997 Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - https://ve42.co/ARPFirstAid The Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - https://ve42.co/SpiderFacts ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi ▀▀▀ Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5 B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw

What happens if you just keep squaring?

Jun 6, 2023

There's a strange number system, featured in the work of a dozen Fields Medalists, that helps solve problems that are intractable with real numbers. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com ▀▀▀ References: Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media. Amazing intro to p-adic numbers here: https://youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YA Excellent series on p-adic numbers: https://youtu.be/VTtBDSWR1Ac Great videos by James Tanton: @JamesTantonMath ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang